As trade tensions push Chinese exporters to look beyond the U.S., vendors in the manufacturing hub are turning to Arabic and Spanish to connect with Latin America, the Middle East, and Africa.
“Entregar … Bodega … Internacional.”
The words echo off the concrete about an hour before the world’s largest wholesale market stirs awake.
The teacher hasn’t arrived yet. But in a plaza between warehouse blocks, dozens of traders already stand in rows, Spanish phrases repeating on loop from a loudspeaker. Some nod and mouth the words. Some flip through flashcards. Others scribble in old notebooks.
A trader writes Spanish phrases phonetically using Chinese characters during class in Yiwu, Zhejiang province, June 2025. Xie Anran/Sixth Tone
A teacher leads a Spanish lesson focused on cargo delivery terms in Yiwu, Zhejiang province, June 2025. Xie Anran/Sixth Tone
Near the front, 55-year-old Yao Baojuan mouths each word as she copies it into a small notebook — Spanish for deliver, warehouse, international. The words come up often in her business. She wants to say them right.
She’s part of a growing group of traders in the eastern Chinese city of Yiwu adapting to markets where English no longer dominates. “Just learning English isn’t enough,” Yao tells Sixth Tone. “We’re not doing business with just one country but with the world.”
And after 19 years of offering free morning English classes, the China Commodities City Business School is expanding its focus too, to meet demand from vendors shifting toward Latin America, the Middle East, and Africa. While the school launched its first Arabic course in April, Spanish followed in May.
The strategic pivot comes amid increasingly uncertain trade ties with the United States. While a 90-day tariff reprieve is currently in effect, rates had climbed as high as 145% earlier this year — enough to stall orders, strand inventory, and force exporters to reassess.
Many have begun looking beyond the U.S. toward Latin America, the Middle East, and Africa. In 2024, nearly two-thirds of Yiwu’s exports went to Belt and Road countries, with double-digit growth in both Latin America and the Gulf — regions where English is less commonly used in day-to-day business.
Traders tell Sixth Tone that holding onto clients, or reaching new ones, increasingly means going beyond translation apps. Even a handful of phrases, they say, can shift the mood. A well-placed “marhaba” or “hola” — hello in Arabic and Spanish — can soften a room, or seal an order.
Inside the Yiwu International Trade Market, Zhejiang province, May 2025. Ding Rui/Sixth Tone
Say it right
On June 4, Yao rode her 20-year-old bicycle to the market, as she does most mornings. By 8:40 a.m., she had taken her usual spot near the front of the plaza for her 18th Spanish class of the month.
Classes start with basic pronunciation, then move quickly to business talk — greetings, price, logistics, after-sales support. That day’s focus: cargo delivery.
For Yao, the class was a chance to refresh skills she first picked up over a decade ago. Since launching her export business in Yiwu in 2007, she’s sold daily necessities to buyers across Europe, the Middle East, South America, Southeast Asia — and the U.S., which still makes up about 20% of her revenue.
She started with English in 2006, then added Spanish and Arabic in 2011, as more clients arrived who spoke neither.
Exporter Yao Baojuan with her self-designed products at her shop in Yiwu, Zhejiang province, June 2025. Xie Anran/Sixth Tone
“Some of my clients speak English, while others speak Spanish,” she says. “I want to reach more customers, so I need to learn Spanish … it opens the door to more business opportunities.”
Yao still rereads the notebooks she filled years ago — careful pages of Spanish phrases and grammar copied by hand. After each class, she rewrites everything from memory. “Reviewing the old to learn the new,” she says, “helps it stick.”
Nearby, Zhu, who now runs his family’s rainwear business, started studying Spanish and Arabic this spring for the first time. After just a few weeks of classes, he can now greet buyers, quote prices, and discuss delivery schedules.
“One class a day isn’t really enough,” Zhu tells Sixth Tone. “But if you take good notes and practice afterward, the phrases are useful.”
Zhu, a language class participant, at his family’s rainwear shop in Yiwu, Zhejiang province, June 2025. Xie Anran/Sixth Tone
Rainwear products labeled in multiple languages for export in Yiwu, Zhejiang Province, June 2025. Xie Anran/Sixth Tone
He says Spanish feels more accessible than English — the teacher avoids dense grammar and focuses on phrases traders can use right away.
Others, like Hu Baochun, take a more hands-on route. Hu, who sells outdoor barbecue equipment to buyers in the Middle East, South America, and Africa, memorizes new phrases by writing them out phonetically in Chinese.
In May, she greeted an Arabic-speaking customer in his language — and closed a 10,000-yuan ($1,395) deal. “After a month of Arabic, I can say ‘good morning’ and quote a price — and the customer understands. It’s already helped with communication and taking orders.”
Outdoor barbecue gear at Hu’s store, which exports mainly to the Middle East, South America, and Africa, in Yiwu, Zhejiang province, June 2025. Xie Anran/Sixth Tone
Talk shop
While the China Commodities City Business School has offered courses in less-commonly taught language for years, turnout was often thin. The lessons were demanding, traders had little time — and most classes were tucked away in traditional classrooms.
That changed this year. When Arabic and Spanish sessions moved to a plaza inside the market, dozens of vendors began showing up every morning.
“In an open setting like this, learners can immerse themselves, speak more confidently, and overcome unfamiliarity,” says Zhang Li, the school’s director. “It makes it easier to engage with foreign buyers — and to stay motivated.”
To keep the program practical, the school hired instructors with business experience and focused on spoken language over grammar drills. “We highlight key phrases used in trade,” Zhang says. “It’s not textbook learning, but built for real-world use.”
Since launching the program, the school has hosted more than 5,000 language classes, drawing nearly half a million participants. Arabic and Spanish were added this year after a survey showed growing demand for languages beyond English.
Exporters attend an Arabic class during a free morning language session in Yiwu, Zhejiang province, May 2025. Ding Rui/Sixth Tone
An Arabic flashcard listing after-sales service terms in Yiwu, Zhejiang province, May 2025. Ding Rui/Sixth Tone
In the coming months, the school plans four more rounds of classes, including another Spanish session in September, and is also preparing courses on digital trade and data analysis to help vendors modernize.
“People in Yiwu are practical,” Zhang says. “If something helps them grow, they’ll learn it.”
Yao is one of them. Nearly two decades into the export business, she now runs her own factories and sells under her own brand — but still studies languages after hours. She speaks fluent English, conversational Arabic and Spanish, some Korean, and is now learning Russian.
She skips translation apps in face-to-face settings, saying they’re too flat, and unable to capture tone, expression, or intent.
“When I speak a customer’s language, there’s warmth, expression, emotion. Clients can feel that,” she says. “That’s something an app can’t replicate.”
Editor: Apurva.
(Header image: Vendors repeat Spanish phrases during a free morning language class in Yiwu, Zhejiang province, June 2025. Xie Anran/Sixth Tone)
