6月新增106例,猴痘傳播有多快?我們又該如何預防?5分鐘世衛組織科普短片給你答案!(附影片&對話稿)

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中國疾控中心日前釋出猴痘疫情6月監測情況。2023年6月2日至6月30日,中國內地(不含港澳臺)新增報告106例猴痘確診病例。其中,廣東省報告48例、北京市報告45例、江蘇省報告8例、湖北省報告2例、山東省報告2例和浙江省報告1例。
北京市疾控中心提示:若在國內外有可疑動物、人員或猴痘病例接觸史,出現發熱、皮疹等症狀,應及時到正規醫院就診,一般可選擇皮膚科,並告知醫生流行病學史,結痂前避免和他人密切接觸。
猴痘病毒從哪來?我們又該如何正確預防?一起來看看世界衛生組織釋出的這5分鐘科普短片吧。
世衛組織為你科普猴痘
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We are talking about monkeypox today. 
Is this a new disease?  What is the treatment?  Does the vaccine work?  Who is at risk and why is WHO concerned about it?  Hello and welcome to Science in 5. 
I'm Vismita Gupta-Smith  Our expert today is Dr Rosamund Lewis  Welcome, Rosamund. 
Let's start with explain monkeypox to us. 
What are the symptoms? Is this a new disease?  Monkeypox is not a new disease. 
It was first discovered in a monkey in 1958 and hence the name. 
However, the first infection in a human was discovered in 1970  in a small child in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. 
Since that time, increasing numbers of cases have been recognized. 
And in particular, over the last 5 to 10 years. 
What's different now is that we're seeing cases in other  countries that normally don't have monkeypox. 
And this is very unusual. 
We've had the occasional outbreak or a single case  detected in a traveler from West Africa. 
But in fact, we've never seen an outbreak like this before. 
The most important thing about monkeypox is that it does cause  a rash which can be uncomfortable,  it can be itchy, and it can be painful. 
So the most important thing about caring for someone with this illness  is basically taking care of the skin and  taking care of any symptoms that someone might have,  such as pain or itchiness. 
It's important to know that research over many years has  also yielded some vaccines and treatments for monkeypox. 
These are new products and not yet widely available. 
However, the vaccine is recommended for persons  who have been in contact with someone who has monkeypox. 
When it comes to treatment, most people don't need the new products. 
Most people don't have a severe case of monkeypox  and can be managed conservatively with regular care  where it's necessary. 
It may be possible to access the new treatments for a very select  few patients who may need them. 
Rosamund, explain to us how monkeypox spreads,  who is at risk, and how can they protect themselves?  Sure. So monkeypox spreads through close face to face,  skin to skin, direct contact. 
This is how it's always been described. 
There may be some new things happening in this outbreak now. 
We don't know everything. 
There's still a lot to learn. 
So at the moment, the people who are most exposed  appear to be men who have sex with men. 
So it's really important that all of us together make sure  that the messages reach the people who need to have  them right now. 
That is people who may be at risk right now. 
And right now, those people are men who have sex with men  or other ones who may be in contact with them,  including family members. 
So because this virus does spread through close contact  and person to person contact, it does mean that in the health  care setting, a health worker who doesn't know what they're  dealing with and may not have the right personal protective equipment  may inadvertently be exposed. 
So we also want to be sure that health workers have the message  that if they're seeing someone who may have a rash  that is undiagnosed or has not previously been diagnosed,  it's critically important to be aware that this virus is now  newly spreading in different population groups and to ensure  that all the basic precautions are taken to protect yourself  with personal protective equipment. 
Likewise, if there's someone who has monkeypox,  lives in a family setting may also want to take care  that other members of the family are not immediately at risk. 
So while we're talking about who is most at risk, of course  it's really important not to generate stigma against  population groups that are at risk. 
This includes men who have sex with men. 
It can also include people who are traveling from  different countries who may be carrying the virus without knowing it. 
It's really critical that we avoid stigma. 
The reason is that if people feel stigmatized, they will not  feel comfortable coming forward for diagnosis and care. 
And we really do want to reach the people who may be at risk. 
Rosamund, WHO has described the risk as moderate. 
Explain to us why WHO is concerned about this outbreak?  Most people who have monkeypox do not become very ill. 
However, WHO has described the risk as moderate because  monkeypox is spreading in locations where it has  never been reported before. 
So this new pattern of transmission is concerning and  it's moving quite quickly. 
So it's really important for WHO and all countries and  all parties and all stakeholders at the community level  to understand where the risk may be, who may be at risk  so that people can protect themselves. 
This is the message that we would like to share  is that people can protect themselves. 
If you know your own risk, you can lower your own risk. 
Thank you, Rosamund. 
That was science in 5,  until next time then,  stay safe, stay healthy and stick with science.
猴痘病毒從哪來?我們又該如何正確預防?
猴痘潛伏期最長可達21天
據北京疾控中心:猴痘的潛伏期通常是6-13天,最長可到21天。感染者會出現發熱、頭痛和淋巴結腫大等症狀。
隨後,會在面部及身體其他部位出現皮疹,並逐漸發展為膿皰,持續一週左右時間,之後結痂,一旦所有結痂脫落,感染者即不再具有傳染性。
猴痘如何傳播蔓延?
感染猴痘病毒的非洲齧齒類動物、靈長類動物(多種猴類和猿類)和人是主要傳染源。人可以透過接觸感染動物的呼吸道分泌物、病變滲出物、血液、其它體液,或被感染動物咬傷、抓傷而感染。人與人之間主要透過密切接觸傳播,也可在長時間近距離接觸時透過飛沫傳播,還可透過胎盤從孕婦傳播給胎兒。
猴痘作為一種人畜共患病,主要是透過被感染動物的皮膚、呼吸道或眼睛周圍或鼻子和口腔粘膜的創面傳播給人類;也可以透過吃沒有煮熟的受感染動物的肉來感染這種疾病。
復旦大學附屬華山醫院感染科“華山感染”公眾號在文章中指出,當猴痘確實發生時,主要是透過飛沫傳播,飛沫可感染眼睛、鼻子和喉嚨的黏膜,研究顯示需要長時間面對面接觸才能傳播。例如,在沒有個人防護裝置的情況下,在2米半徑內持續3小時以上。但也可透過接觸病變或體液傳播,或透過接觸被膿液或其他損傷物質汙染的衣服或亞麻製品而感染。
猴痘如何預防?
在預防措施方面,因為猴痘病毒和天花病毒同屬一個病毒家族,因此天花疫苗對猴痘病毒的有效性高達85%。此外,常見的家用消毒劑也可以殺死猴痘病毒。
世衛組織建議,前往疾病流行地區旅行期間,或從流行地區返回時的任何疾病,都應報告給衛生專業人員。
此外,前往流行國家的居民和旅行者應避免接觸可能攜帶猴痘病毒的患病動物(死的或活的)(齧齒動物、有袋動物、靈長類動物),並應避免食用或處理野生野味(灌木肉);應強調使用肥皂和水或酒精類消毒劑保持手衛生的重要性。
猴痘病毒真正來源並非猴子
猴痘病毒與天花病毒是近親,兩者都是正痘病毒。1980年WHO宣佈全世界已經根除了天花,猴痘被認為是自天花根除以來人類最重要的正痘病毒感染。
那麼,“猴痘”病毒是猴子帶來的嗎?
據國家傳染病醫學中心、復旦大學附屬華山醫院感染科此前釋出的文章指出,“猴痘”病毒的名字來自猴子,但猴痘病毒真正的來源並非猴子。在自然界中,許多動物物種被發現感染了猴痘病毒。一些證據表明,非洲本土齧齒動物,如甘比亞巨鼠(Cricetomys gambianus)和松鼠,可能是該病毒的儲蓄宿主。
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