馬航事件終於大白天下，聯合國：俄羅斯對擊落負責

譯者按：2014年，馬航MH17航班從阿姆斯特丹飛往吉隆坡，途經烏克蘭東部時被俄羅斯發射的地對空導彈擊落。11年過去了，聯合國機構“國際民用航空組織理事會”在2025年5月12日裁定，俄羅斯應對馬來西亞航空客機在烏克蘭被擊落事件負責。未來幾周內，國際民用航空組織理事會將審議應採取何種形式的賠償措施。

本文選自《每日電訊報》和聯合國“國際民用航空組織理事會”的官網。

據英國媒體《每日電訊報》(The Telegraph)當地時間5月12日報道：

The UN aviation council has ruled that Russia was responsible for the downing of a Malaysian airliner over Ukraine that killed all 298 passengers and crew, prompting calls for “reparations” for the families of victims.

聯合國航空理事會(譯者注：正式名稱為“國際民用航空組織理事會”，簡稱國際民航組織)裁定，俄羅斯應對馬來西亞航空客機在烏克蘭被擊落事件負責。該起事件造成機上全部298名乘客和機組人員罹難。這一裁定引發了各界呼籲為遇難者家屬提供“賠償”。

Flight MH17 was travelling from Amsterdam to Kuala Lumpur when it was shot down by a Russian surface-to-air missile while flying over eastern Ukraine in 2014 as fighting raged between pro-Russian separatists and Ukrainian forces. Among the victims were 196 Dutch citizens and 38 Australian citizens or residents.

2014年，馬航MH17航班從荷蘭的阿姆斯特丹飛往馬來西亞的吉隆坡，途經烏克蘭東部時被俄羅斯發射的地對空導彈擊落。當時，烏克蘭親俄分裂分子與烏克蘭政府軍正激烈交火。遇難者中包括196名荷蘭公民以及38名澳大利亞公民或居民。

(MH17被擊落後的現場)

The governments of Australia and the Netherlands said the Council of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) would in the coming weeks consider what form of reparation was in order. Australia’s foreign minister, Penny Wong, said her government welcomed the decision and urged the ICAO to move swiftly to determine remedies. “We call upon Russia to finally face up to its responsibility for this horrific act of violence and make reparations for its egregious conduct, as required under international law,” Wong said in a statement.

澳大利亞與荷蘭政府表示，國際民用航空組織理事會(簡稱國際民航組織)將在未來數週內研究適當的賠償形式。澳大利亞外交部長黃英賢(Penny Wong)表示，澳方歡迎這一決定，並敦促國際民航組織迅速制定補救措施。黃英賢在一份宣告中表示，“我們呼籲俄羅斯最終正視其在這一駭人聽聞的暴行中的責任，並根據國際法就其惡劣行為做出賠償。”

(MH17被擊落後的現場)

The Netherlands and Australia want the ICAO Council to order Russia to enter into negotiations over reparations, the Dutch foreign minister said. “The decision is an important step towards establishing the truth and achieving justice and accountability for all victims of Flight MH17, and their families and loved ones,” Caspar Veldkamp said in a statement. “This decision also sends a clear message to the international community: states cannot violate international law with impunity.”

荷蘭外交大臣維爾德坎普(Caspar Veldkamp)稱，荷蘭與澳大利亞希望國際民航組織責令俄羅斯就賠償問題展開談判。他在宣告中說：“這一決定是朝著查明真相、為MH17航班的全部遇難者及其家屬伸張正義與追究責任的重要一步。”“這一決定也向國際社會發出了明確訊號：任何國家都不能違反國際法還能逍遙法外。”

(MH17被擊落後的現場)

The ICAO said in a statement on Monday evening: “The Russian Federation failed to uphold its obligations under international air law in the 2014 downing of Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17.” The CCAO said this was the first time in its history that its council has made a determination on the merits of a dispute between member states. The agency, which is based in Montreal, sets global aviation standards adopted by its 193-member nations but lacks regulatory power.

國際民航組織在週一(5月11日)晚間釋出宣告稱：“俄羅斯聯邦在2014年馬航MH17航班被擊落事件中未能履行國際航空法規定的義務。”國際民航組織表示，這是理事會歷史上首次就成員國之間的爭端做出實質性裁決。該機構總部設於蒙特利爾(Montreal)，負責制定全球航空標準，其193個成員國均採納這些標準，但該機構不具備強制執行的監管權力。

Australia and the Netherlands have been seeking compensation and an apology, however Russia, which has denied involvement despite the findings of an international investigation, unilaterally withdrew from negotiations with the two countries in October 2020. The case with the ICAO was launched in 2022 by Australia and the Netherlands.

澳大利亞和荷蘭一直尋求賠償與道歉，儘管國際調查已明確俄羅斯的責任，但俄羅斯仍否認涉事，並在2020年10月單方面退出與兩國的談判。澳大利亞和荷蘭於2022年將此案提交至國際民用航空組織。

In November 2022, Dutch judges convicted two Russian men and a Ukrainian man in absentia of murder for their role in the attack. Moscow called the ruling “scandalous” and said it would not extradite its citizens.

2022年11月，荷蘭法院以謀殺罪缺席判決兩名俄羅斯人和一名烏克蘭人罪名成立，三人因參與襲擊而被定罪。莫斯科對此判決表示“令人憤慨”，並稱不會引渡其公民。

In 2023, a team of international investigators from the Netherlands, Australia, Malaysia, Belgium and Ukraine said there were “strong indications” that Russian president, Vladimir Putin, had personally signed off on a decision to supply the missile that downed flight MH17.

2023年，一個由荷蘭、澳大利亞、馬來西亞、比利時和烏克蘭組成的國際調查小組表示，有“強有力的跡象”顯示，俄羅斯總統普京曾親自批准向相關武裝分子提供擊落MH17航班的導彈。

聯合國“國際民用航空組織理事會”官網訊息：

(國際民用航空組織理事會裁定俄羅斯對擊落客機MH17負責的新聞釋出頁面)

Montréal, 12 May 2025 – The Council of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) today voted that the Russian Federation failed to uphold its obligations under international air law in the 2014 downing of Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17.

蒙特利爾，2025年5月12日——國際民用航空組織理事會今日投票裁定，在2014年馬來西亞航空MH17航班被擊落事件中，俄羅斯聯邦未能履行國際航空法規定的義務。

This represents the first time in ICAO’s history that its Council has made a determination on the merits of a dispute between Member States under the Organization’s dispute settlement mechanism.

國際民用航空組織理事會依據該組織的爭端解決機制，就成員國之間的爭議案作出實質性裁決。這在國際民航組織歷史上尚屬首次。

The Council agreed that the claims brought by Australia and the Netherlands as a result of the shooting down of Flight MH17 on 17 July 2014, were well founded in fact and in law. The case centered on allegations that the conduct of the Russian Federation in the downing of the aircraft by a surface-to-air missile over eastern Ukraine constitutes a breach of Article 3 bis of the Convention on International Civil Aviation, which requires that States "refrain from resorting to the use of weapons against civil aircraft in flight."

國際民用航空組織理事會一致認為，澳大利亞和荷蘭就2014年7月17日MH17航班被擊落事件所提出的申訴，在事實和法律上均有充分依據。此案的核心指控是，俄羅斯聯邦在該民航班機在烏克蘭東部上空被地對空導彈擊落一事中，其相關行為違反了《國際民用航空公約》第3條之二，該條款要求締約國“不得對飛行中的民用航空器使用武器”。

The proceedings involved written submissions and oral hearings spanning multiple Council sessions.

本案審理過程經過多次理事會會議，有書面陳述和口頭辯論。

A formal decision document setting out the reasons of fact and law leading to the Council’s conclusions will be issued at a future meeting.

正式裁決檔案將在將來的會議上釋出，闡述理事會作出結論的事實與法律理由。