圖片來源：Pixabay.com
清明假期前夕，美國總統特朗普簽署行政令執行全面的“對等關稅政策”，這項新政被視為是第二次世界大戰結束以來國際貿易秩序最大的變動。從關稅戰、貿易戰到“中國行動計劃”，近年來，曾被崇信的全球化在民粹主義的浪潮中變得風雨飄搖，世界正在變得四分五裂。在這樣的背景下，重溫2008年北京大學畢業典禮上饒毅教授的致辭，更顯其前瞻性和時代價值。
2008年，全球經濟危機；2008年8月8日，中國第一次舉辦奧運會，全球矚目。此前一個月餘五天的7月3日，饒毅教授作為教師代表給北京大學本科生畢業典禮致辭“做和平的使者”。
近年來，國際局勢風雲變幻，各種針對性的遏制，“脫鉤斷鏈”頻出，地緣政治愈加緊張，種種舉措與和平發展的理念背道而馳。此時此刻，《知識分子》特刊登17年前那篇致辭的中英文版見下，因為我們堅信：只有堅持和平的理念，以開放包容的姿態，與世界各國攜手前行，才能共同開創人類更加美好的未來。
撰文 ｜ 饒毅
責編｜李珊珊
饒毅
北京大學2008屆畢業生們，你們真幸運！
與全中國今年的畢業生們一樣，你們的畢業典禮，是母校開創的我國近代高等教育110年來，迄今最有象徵意義的畢業典禮。你們的成長同步於中國邁向世界強國的步伐。你們的畢業典禮，交融於2008年奧運帶來的中國之盛典，世紀之盛典。
2008年，是中國和平崛起的標誌之年，全世界聚焦中國。也許最值得世界注意的，不是中國目前發展態勢、也不是中國的風土人情，而是中國製造，是我們最可以自豪的、而外界注意不夠的製造：這就是我們堅定信仰的和平發展之路，是在這條道路上探索、奮鬥、前進的人民。
世界應該向中國學習。中國為世界提供了一條與西方擴張性發展完全不同的新道路，這是中國對世界的非凡貢獻：文明衝突不是必然，大國發展可以走和平之路。這個信仰，是中國以幾千年的文化傳統，以近代的和平崛起的成功實踐，以人民用血汗換來的。世界需要懂中國為什麼堅信和平發展，才能理解中國、正確處理和中國的關係、參考中國的經驗。
2008年，中國完成了一個轉變：從一個曾經受了百年屈辱之國，成為擁有舉世尊重的實力之國。160年前，英國以武力強迫我們接受鴉片進口，維多利亞女王不理睬林則徐通情達理呼喚良知和道義的信件，英國佔據香港一百多年。1900年八國聯軍攻北京時，德國皇帝威廉二世命令他計程車兵，用武器讓支那人一千年不敢看德國人。在外敵入侵背景下，中國人民一面自衛、一面努力尋找自救的道路，承認自己的不足，吸收和學習外國經驗來建設中國，經過了許多曲折和困苦，犯了錯誤也取得教訓，終於走上了穩定發展的道路。
2008年，中國人民不僅如母校著名圖書管理員所說的“站立起來了”，而且以自己的經歷強有力地證明，資源不豐富、人口眾多的國家，透過自己的奮鬥，不以損害其他國家人民利益為代價、無需效法美國白人掠奪原住民資源的途徑，就能發展，就能屹立在世界強國之林。中國還在這個過程中造福了其他國家的人民。
中國，為世界樹立了和平發展的典範。
我們這個文明古國，在發現自己落後時，曾一度喪失辨別自己歷史文化優缺點的能力，從老校長鬍適提倡過的“全盤西化”、到文革的種種倒行逆施，放棄、破壞了優秀傳統。今天，我們應該有充分的信心、能力和時間，鑑別、發掘、倡導和力行我們傳統文化中優秀的部分，為世界各國的參照。我國兩千多年前諸子百家形成了探討人生模式以理性、民主、包容為根本基礎，與西方理性主義相通，而優於宗教規範人生模式所含的迷信、權威、排他；中華民族不僅不頌揚武力征服天下的秦始皇，而且將他定格為虐待人民的暴君，而西方主流思想卻長期以亞力山大大帝武力侵略多國為自豪；中國傳統藝術很難找到對戰爭和屠殺場面的描繪，而盧浮宮舉目可見法國藝術家畫的拿破崙出征及血腥場面。這些現象反映了根本不同的思維：是崇拜武力，還是信仰和平?
中國，為世界證明了和平發展的理念。
美國作為西方世界當今最強國，並沒有放棄對武力的崇拜，它經常在國際事務中訴諸武力，最終不僅沒有解決問題而且傷害美國自己的利益。當世界矚目中國時，需要看到中國如何從內憂外患中透過和平途徑，創造歷史奇蹟。中國在和世界密切往來的一個半世紀曆史中，每次只要爭取到了和平，就能取得發展。中國的經驗值得其他國家借鑑：強國，無需迷信武力控制他國，而可以和各國攜手發展；弱國，不用過分恐懼現代化或者其他國家，而首先要解決自身的問題；所有國家、人民，不用訴諸暴力解決爭端，而可以在天下大同的理念下，共同發展。
中國，為世界指出和平是發展的道路。
同學們，你們將是中國的使者，展示中國的優點和缺點。就像你們在今後的人生中要不斷學習、不斷自身完善一樣，中國也需要繼續學習世界各國人民的長處。中國還有許多方面沒有得到世界的尊重，還有很多不足之處，中國還有危機要處理。北大同學不要辜負老校長馬寅初樹立榜樣，做有脊樑的中國智識分子，為良知而奮鬥，為改進我國政治、經濟、科學、文化而努力，為我國全面復興而工作，為中國和世界的問題找到建設性的解決方案。
同學們，請你們將中國人民的資訊帶到世界各地：我們是和平發展的信仰者。
希望你們和新時代的中國青年，能珍惜中國人民對和平發展之信念，在中國和世界和平發展的過程中，找到你們的人生價值，履行你們的歷史使命：繼續為中國探索和推進適合自己的和平發展道路；不僅永不稱霸世界，而且要和其他國家的人民探索共同前進之策，與全世界人民一道走在和平發展的美麗道路上。
在這條道路上，擁抱世界、堅持原則、熱愛生活，你們獲得幸福就是母校的驕傲。
Yi Rao
Dear Class of 2008 Peking University graduates, you are very fortunate！
Like other graduates of China this year, your commencement ceremony, is the most symbolic in the history of Chinese modern higher education that began 110 years ago here at Peking University. Your graduation ceremony, in synchrony with the ceremony of China, is the ceremony of the century.
2008 is a milestone in the peaceful rise of China, with the entire world focusing on China. What is most valuable for the world to pay attention to? It is not current development of, or the sceneries and colorful people in, China. One product“Made in China” deserves close examination: this is the firm belief of the Chinese in peaceful development.
China has explored, struggled, and found an approach alternative to the expansionist development exemplified by the West. It is an extraordinary contribution of China: that cultural conflicts are not inevitable, development of big countries can be peaceful. This belief results from Chinese traditions of a few thousand years, from the successful peaceful rise over the last century and half, from the blood and sweat of the Chinese people. The rest of the world need to know why China firmly believes in peaceful development, before understanding modern China, dealing with China, and learning from China.
By 2008, China has completed a transition from a nation humiliated for a hundred years to a nation with power respected by the world. 160 years ago, the British used force to make us accept Opium import from their merchants, with Queen Victoria ignoring an articulate and touching letter from Lin Zhexu that appealed to her conscience, and eventually occupying Hong Kong for more than 100 years. With the remnant of the Imperial Gardens (Yuan Ming Yuan) close to our campus, we are constantly reminded of our sad history of being beaten. In 1900 when the eight nation alliance invaded Beijing, the German Kaiser Wilhelm II ordered his army: “Pardon will not be given. Prisoners will not be taken. Bear your arms so that for a thousand years no Chinaman will dare even to squint at a German”. Under such circumstances, the Chinese people took up self-defense on the one hand, and actively tried to find a road of self salvation on the other hand, admitting our shortcomings, absorbing foreign knowledge, exploring different approaches, going back and forth, making many mistakes, finally moving on a road of stable development.
By 2008, the Chinese people have not only stood up, as the most famous librarian of Peking University Mao Zedong pronounced 60 years ago, but we have also proven that a resource poor nation with a large population, could develop as a major player in the world without sacrificing the interests of people in other countries, without copying the approach of the US Caucasians who overrun the indigenous American people. In the process of development, China has benefited people in other countries.
China has thus established an example of peaceful development.
Upon finding the bitter reality of backwardness, we, with the longest continuous civilization, momentarily lost the ability to distinguish the pros from the cons in our own history and culture. From the idea of whole sale Westernization advocated by Hu Shih, one of the Peking University presidents, to the various words and deeds in the Cultural Revolution, excellent traditions were neglected, given upor destroyed. Today, in 2008, we should be fully confident that we have the ability and time to find and advocate the good parts of our long tradition, providing an alternative option to the world. The scholars and the hundreds of schools led by them more than 2000 years ago led to a model of rational, democratic and inclusive discussions to find how people should interact and live. This is in the same spirit as rationalism in the West, but far superior to the major religions which uses superstition, authoritarianism, and exclusiveness to dictate the meaning of human life. The Chinese tradition is not proud of Qingshihuang the Emperor who conquered by force, but actually characterizes him as a dictator who abused people, whereas mainstream Western civilization is not shy about its pride in the brutal conquering of many countries by Alexander the Great. It is very difficult to find depiction of wars and killing in traditional Chinese art, whereas paintings of wars and bloody consequences are prominently displayed in the Lourve and other Western museums. Such contrasts represent fundamental differences: worship of force, or belief in peace?
China has thus proven to the world the concept of peaceful development.
The United States of America, as the strongest Western nation, has not given up its belief in force, often resorting to the gunpowder in international affairs, even when it does not solve the problem or hurt the ultimate the interests of the US. When the world looks at China, it should see through the superficial and find how China made a historical miracle through peaceful means, when it faced both outside invasion and internal disturbances. In the century and half of intense interaction with the world, at almost every opportunity when China gains peace, China managed to develop. The Chinese lesson can be helpful to other countries: strong countries do not have to rely on controlling other countries by force and can develop by collaborating with others; weak countries do not have to be paranoid about modernization or globalization, they should solve their own problems first; all countries and peoples, do not have to use force to resolve conflicts, but can develop together, under the old Chinese idea of Peace and Union under the Sky.
China has pointed out to the world that peace is actually also the road to development.
Class of 2008, you are the messengers of China. You will show the good and the bad of China. We do not have to hide our problems and deficiencies. As each of you will learn to improve yourself, China will continue to learn from other countries and peoples. China is still not respected in many aspects by the rest of the world. China has not made sufficient contributions. China has crisis that requires solutions. You, alumni of Peking University, should take the example set by our former president Ma Yingchu to be a Chinese intellectual with spine, fight for conscience and justice, try to significantly improve the politics, economy, science, and culture of China, work for the renaissance of China, find constructive solutions to problems in China and the rest of the world.
Class of 2008, please take the message of China to the rest of the world: we are believers of peaceful development.
I hope that you and Chinese youth of the new era will treasure our hard-earned belief in peaceful development, that along this path of peaceful development, you will find the value of your life, find the historical mission: to explore and move on a peaceful development road appropriate to China; to always avoid the pitfall of hegemony; to search for strategies that can be agreed by other countries so that people of the entire world, sharing the same origin and biosphere, will march on the beautiful and productive road of peaceful development.
On this road, embrace the world, have principles, and enjoy your life. Your happiness will be the pride of your alma mater.
親愛的讀者們，不星標《知識分子》公眾號，會錯過每日科學新知！星標《知識分子》，緊跟前沿科學，一起探索科學的奧秘吧！
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