一審 | 王槐語 加州大學伯克利分校 LL.M.

J. Mitchell Miller

Matt DeLisi, H. Daniel Butler& Molly Minkler, Jonathan W. Caudill and Chad R. Trulson

Inmate murder is a grave threat to institutional safety in correctional settings, unfortunately relatively little prior research has studied it. The current study analyzed data from 636 capital murderers sentenced to death in California of whom 6% had murdered other inmates during their confinement career. Bivariate analyses found that inmate murderers had more extensive and violent offending histories, greater security threat group involvement, more institutional misconduct, were disproportionately white, and exhibited greater and more diverse psychopathic features relative to inmates who did not murder.

Logistic regression model found that interpersonal and affective psychopathic features, security threat group, white race, and institutional misconduct history were significantly associated with prison murder. Prior murder convictions, psychopathy total score, security threat group activity, institutional misconduct, and a multiplicative term for security threat group members with psychopathy had adequate to excellent classification accuracy in a ROC-AUC model. We encourage similar data collection efforts with condemned populations to specify risk factors for individuals most likely to perpetrate murder while in prison custody.

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Ben Stickle and Steven Sprick Schuster

Recent expansions in prison school offerings and the re-introduction of the Second Chance Pell Grant have heightened the need for a better understanding of the effectiveness of prison education programs on policy-relevant outcomes. We estimate the effects of various forms of prison education on recidivism, post-release employment, and post-release wages. Using a sample of 152 estimates drawn from 79 papers, we conducted a meta-analysis to estimate the effect of four forms of prison education (adult basic education, secondary, vocational, and college).

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We find that prison education decreases recidivism and increases post-release employment and wages. The largest effects are experienced by prisoners participating in vocational or college education programs. We also calculate the economic returns on educational investment for prisons and prisoners. We find that each form of education yields large, positive returns due primarily to the high costs of incarceration and, therefore, high benefits to crime avoidance. The returns vary across education types, with vocational education having the highest return per dollar spent ($3.05) and college having the highest positive impact per student participating ($16,908).

The aim of the current study is to examine factors related to opioid overdose deaths within the framework of social disorganization theory. We identify county-level factors related to overdose deaths among a series of measures related to economic (unemployment, health insurance coverage, and poverty) and socio-structural (prescribed opioid pills, racial heterogeneity, drug arrest rate, county rurality, and Appalachian location) disadvantage. Using panel data on counties in the United States drawn from five major, federal-level datasets, we perform a series of stepwise mixed-effects models to examine the relationships between economic and social markers of structural disadvantage and opioid-involved overdose deaths between the years 2006 and 2012.

The proportion of poverty, unemployment, Appalachia, and pills prescribed are associated with increased opioid overdose deaths over time. A series of interactions illustrate that markers of disadvantage, including opioid prescriptions, often operate in tandem to exacerbate opioid overdose deaths. Based on standardized coefficients, the most predictive factor related to opioid overdose deaths is the volume of opioid pill prescriptions in a county on a year-to-year basis. Overall, this study emphasizes the utility of criminological theory in policy-related work focused on the opioid crisis. Our work also highlights the need for federal agencies to release data already collected on opioid pills to further our understanding of how to combat the opioid crisis.

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M. A. Kowalski, M. Campagna, E. M. Wright and R. Spohn

The role of victimization in criminal behavior has been researched previously, particularly in justice-involved youth and prison samples. The contribution of such adversity in jail samples is less articulated. The current study examines the effect of physical abuse, sexual abuse, and polyvictimization (physical and sexual abuse) on behavioral health and substance use outcomes in a sample of individuals who went through the intake process at one jail.

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Jascha Wagner, Ellen A. Donnelly, Andrew C. Gray, Chenesia Brown, Cresean Hughes, Daniel O’Connell and Tammy L. Anderson

The journey to drug crime literature has found that, in cities, Black people travel shorter distances from their homes before being arrested relative to White people. Per race and rationality theory, the racialization of space shapes the decision-making processes of people arrested for drug offenses. Because residential segregation patterns and racialized social structures differ across levels of urbanization, this study uses negative binomial regression models to evaluate Black-White differences in journeys to crime for drug possessions, and the study assesses socioeconomic and opportunity characteristics of offense locations at the micro-level using drug arrest reports across the State of Delaware.

We find that travel distances and predictors of offense locations differ across geographic areas (i.e., small cities, suburban areas, small towns, rural areas, and touristic rural areas). A place’s racial composition, concentrated disadvantage, and opportunity characteristics differently impact offense locations across geographic areas. Accordingly, in studying journeys to crime, researchers should consider the various ways that race shapes constructions of crime and place across the rural–urban continuum.

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Wyatt Brown, Brian G. Sellers and Matthew Caines

The link between involvement in extracurricular activities and delinquent conduct may be impacted by internal factors, such as self-control. The current study utilizes data from a sample of delinquent youth to examine the two-way relationship between self-control, participation in extracurricular activities, and antisocial behaviors.

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Our findings indicated that individuals exhibiting lower self-control appeared to gain from heightened involvement in extracurricular activities (i.e., increased variety and intensity of experiences) in extracurricular activities. However increased participation in extracurricular activities was found to correlate with a rise in delinquent behaviors among those exhibiting higher established levels self-control. This relationship is examined through the theoretical lens of personality trait theory, which suggests that youth experience shifts in the superordinate personality dimensions of Engagement and Self-Control as youth mature developmentally.

Caitlin M. Brady and Amanda Graham

In the era of increasing support for rehabilitation, an often-overlooked question is how the public recognizes when someone is rehabilitated. The current study uses experimentally designed case files (n = 2,178) in an online opt-in survey to tap into which types of justice-involved individuals are more likely to be considered as being rehabilitated by the public.

Furthermore, we examine the robustness of this effect using multiple situational contexts (e.g., hiring this individual, having them as a neighbor, spending time with children). Findings suggest three key features for recognizing who and when someone is rehabilitated, which have practical implications for reentry.

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