法律翻譯| 《英國犯罪學雜誌》第63卷第5期

譯者 | 湯璦瑋吉林大學

一審 | peipei 布里斯托大學

二審 | 應寧同濟大學

編輯 | 劉曉鈴西南財經大學

蘇桐華中科技大學

責編 | 劉一賢國際關係學院

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THE BRITISH JOURNAL OF CRIMINOLOGY Volume63, Issue 5 | 2023

《英國犯罪學雜誌》第63卷第5期

Whitening Black Men: Narrative Labour and the Scriptural Economics of Risk and Rehabilitation

黑人男性美白：敘事勞動與風險及改造的聖經經濟學

Jason Warr

“You know what? You can’t be a ‘Black Man’ in prison.” Negative impositions of Blackness, grounded in the myths of Black Criminality, shape assessments of risk and rehabilitation within the scriptural economy of the contemporary prison. This creates a rehabilitative colour line that results in specific forms of narrative labour, whereby prisoners attempt to control the recording and interpretation of their Black identities. From Social Relations, to Appearance, to Language Use, more of the life of a Black prisoner is interpreted negatively than other prisoners.

“你知道嗎？在監獄裡，你不能是一名‘黑人’。” 這種基於“黑人犯罪”錯誤觀念的負面種族刻板印象，深刻影響了當代監獄中圍繞風險評估和改造策略的聖經經濟學。這種機制形成了一條隱性的“改造膚色線”，迫使囚犯承擔特定形式的敘事勞動，試圖掌控關於其黑人身份的表述與解釋。從社會互動、外貌到語言表達，黑人囚犯的日常生活相比其他群體更易遭受負面解讀與放大批判。

This paper explores how Black lifers, are forced to adopt narrative labours that ‘whiten’ their ‘Blackness’ in order to mitigate their perceived risk and navigate the prison’s pathways to release. This article is based on quasi-ethnographic fieldwork conducted in two prison sites between 2011 and 2014 in which more than 120 indeterminately sentenced prisoners were consulted.

本文探討了黑人無期徒刑犯如何被迫透過敘事勞動“淡化”自身的黑人身份，以緩解其在監獄體系中感知到的風險，並尋找潛在的釋放路徑。研究以2011年至2014年在兩所監獄開展的準民族誌實地調查為基礎，期間共訪談了超過120名不定期刑囚犯。

Offending and the Long-Term Risk of Death: An Examination of Mid-Life Mortality Among an Urban Black American Cohort

犯罪與長期的死亡風險：美國黑人社群中年死亡率研究

Elaine Eggleston Doherty and Kerry M Green

Research on the long-term relationship between offending and mortality is limited, especially among minorities who have higher risk of premature mortality and criminal offending, particularly arrest. Using Cox proportional hazard models, we estimate the relationship between young adult offending and later mortality (to age 58) among a community cohort of Black Americans (n = 1,182). After controlling for a wide range of covariates, results indicate that violent offenders are at heightened risk of mortality from young adulthood through midlife compared with both non-violent only offenders and non-offenders. Further analysis shows that this result is driven by the frequent, largely non-violent, arrests incurred among violent offenders. Criminal justice reform and collaboration with public health practitioners might be fruitful avenues to reduce mortality disparities.

關於犯罪與死亡率之間長期關聯的研究相對稀缺，尤其是在犯罪率（特別是被捕率）和早逝風險較高的少數族裔群體中。本研究基於Cox比例風險模型，探討年輕時的犯罪行為與中年（58歲前）死亡率之間的關係，研究物件為一個美國黑人社群群體（n=1,182）。在控制多種影響因素後，結果顯示，有暴力犯罪記錄的個體在中年階段的死亡風險顯著高於非暴力犯罪者和無犯罪記錄者。進一步分析發現，這一風險增加主要與暴力犯罪中頻繁但多為非暴力的逮捕的行為密切相關。這一研究表明，加強刑事司法改革與公共衛生領域的協作，可能是縮小死亡率差異併為高風險群體提供健康干預的重要途徑。

‘We Call it Getting Your Eye In’: Policing Sexual Harassment on the London Underground Through the Lens of Haraway’s Situated Knowledges and Cyborgs

“我們稱之為訓練眼力”：運用哈拉維的“情境知識”與“賽博格”理論解讀倫敦地鐵性騷擾的警務實踐

Sian Lewis

This article explores police perspectives of sexual harassment on the London Underground. Drawing on 15 semi-structured interviews with the British Transport Police this article demonstrates how the police a) use their ‘situated knowledges’ to make sense of the dynamics of the London Underground and seek out offenders within the network, often without a report of harassment; and b) engage with technologies in order to (re)construct incidents of sexual harassment so that they can be investigated. The article argues that the BTP occupy a ‘soft cyborg ontology’, and claims the implications this has on epistemologies and methods of policing as significant. As well as permitting new insights into the procedures of policing sexual harassment on public transport, it contributes a critical perspective to the role of technology in police culture, practice and methods.

本文以倫敦地鐵的性騷擾問題為研究物件，探討英國交通警察對這一問題的認知與應對方式。基於對15名交通警察的半結構化訪談，研究揭示了警方如何：（1）透過“情境知識”理解地鐵網路的複雜動態，並在缺乏騷擾正式報告的情況下追蹤潛在罪犯；（2）利用技術手段重新還原性騷擾事件現場，以支援案件調查與取證。文章提出，警方的實踐體現了一種“軟賽博格本體論”，並探討這一觀念對警務知識體系和方法論的深遠影響。研究為理解公共交通系統中性騷擾的警務應對提供了新視角，同時對技術在警察文化和執法實踐中的關鍵作用進行了批判性反思。

‘They Wouldn’t Believe Me’: Giving a Voice to British South Asian Male Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse

“他們不會相信我”：為英國南亞裔男性兒童性虐待倖存者發聲

Aisha K Gill and Hannah Begum

British South Asian male child sexual abuse (CSA) survivors face a twofold problem: lack of research on this phenomenon and limited service provision.

英國南亞裔男性兒童性虐待（CSA）倖存者面臨雙重困境：一方面，這一群體長期被研究忽視；另一方面，現有對其的支援服務體系同樣稀缺。

First, male CSA survivors have traditionally been marginalized in favour of female CSA survivors, a group that forms the basis of most academic research and to whom the majority of counselling and support services in the UK cater (Rapsey et al. 2020). The centrality of these female experiences, although crucial to understanding CSA survivor experiences in general, has eclipsed the specific narratives of male survivors. Second, despite the UK’s incredibly multicultural population, people from minoritized backgrounds still experience institutional forms of racism that are entrenched in service provision and research and that lead to racialized and Eurocentric perspectives and practices (Singh 2019).

首先，與女性CSA倖存者相比，男性CSA倖存者一直處於學術研究的邊緣，女性的倖存者同時也佔據了英國大部分諮詢和支援服務的資源（Rapsey等，2020）。對女性倖存者的集中研究雖然對理解整體意義上的CSA倖存者經歷至關重要，但也使得男性倖存者在研究中被顯著忽略。其次，儘管英國是一個多元文化社會，少數族裔在研究和服務獲取方面仍然受到制度性種族主義的制約。這種現象導致了種族化和歐洲中心主義在研究和實踐中的持續主導地位（Singh，2019）。

This article thus seeks to expand on the existing body of literature on male CSA in minoritized groups. It illuminates the experiences of male survivors from British South Asian communities, creating space for the much-needed voices of a critically under-researched group.

本文旨在透過聚焦英國南亞裔男性CSA倖存者的經歷，填補這一領域的研究空白，為這一被系統性邊緣化的群體提供關注和發聲平臺。

The Secret Nexus. A Case Study of Deviant Masons, Mafia and Corruption in Italy

秘密紐帶：義大利共謀中的共濟會、黑手黨與腐敗案例研究

Anna Sergi and Alberto Vannucci

This paper wishes to explore some characteristics of the relevant interconnections between mafias/mafiosi and masonic lodges/masons in the Italian context. The paper sets out to study these interconnections from a social science perspective rooted in sociological and neo-institutional studies of organised crime and mafias, but also in criminological approaches to social constructionism, in the form of symbols and narratives. We will present a case study to reflect on the roles that (deviant) masons can assume in contexts where both mafias’ and personal, political, or economic interests are at play.

本文聚焦於義大利背景下黑手黨成員與共濟會成員之間複雜而獨特的關係。研究以社會科學視角為切入點，綜合運用了社會學和新制度主義理論中的有組織犯罪與黑手黨研究方法，同時結合符號學與敘事社會建構主義的犯罪學分析工具。透過具體案例的研究，我們探討了黑手黨在涉及個人、政治或經濟利益交織的情境中，共濟會成員（特別是偏離其核心原則的成員）所扮演的重要角色。

The case study shows how masonic alliances can augment networking and enforcing capabilities: we call this process masonic deviance amplification. Additionally, the case study confirms the constitutive power that narratives around the masonic world hold today in the Italian context.

研究發現，共濟會聯盟在增強網路聯結與行動執行力方面表現出顯著的推動作用，這一現象可被定義為“共濟會偏差放大效應”。此外，案例進一步證明，共濟會敘事在當代義大利社會中具有深遠的建設性影響。

（圖片源自網路）

Struggles for Regulatory Hardening: Exploring Swedish Politics on Corporate Social Responsibility

強化監管的博弈：瑞典企業社會責任政治程序的探討

Elin Jönsson

In recent years, the idea of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has undergone a shift towards hardening, illustrated by a wave of new mandatory and state-based regulation. This article aims to understand the dynamic behind this shift, by studying struggles for regulatory hardening in the Swedish Parliament.

近年來，企業社會責任（CSR）呈現出逐步“僵化”的趨勢，這一變化體現在一系列新出臺的強制性法規和國家主導的政策上。本文聚焦於瑞典議會圍繞CSR監管強化展開的政治博弈，試圖揭示這一轉變背後的複雜動態機制。

Drawing on a critical theory of contradictions, it proposes an understanding of CSR as a contradictory social formation, which structures the parliamentary struggles. Moreover, it suggests that although the hardening trend could amount to a crisis of the traditional understanding of CSR, politicians remain embedded in a neoliberal logic of regulation. The article ends with a call for research to continue to explore alternative roads towards minimizing corporate harm in the future.

藉助矛盾批判理論，本文將CSR視為一種內在矛盾的社會建構，指出這一建構在很大程度上影響了議會中的政治鬥爭。儘管監管的“僵化”趨勢或許代表著傳統CSR理念面臨的某種危機，但研究發現，政策制定者依然受到新自由主義監管邏輯的深刻影響。因此，本文呼籲未來研究聚焦替代性治理路徑，探索如何有效減少企業對社會和環境的負面影響。

An Institutional Perspective to Understand Latin America’s High Levels of Homicide

從制度視角剖析拉丁美洲高兇殺率之成因

Gonzalo Croci and Spencer Chainey

Numerous studies have suggested that socio-economic structural factors offer the main reasons for international variations in homicide levels—where socio-economic conditions are better, lower levels of homicide are observed. In countries in Latin America, social and economic conditions have improved, yet high levels of homicide have remained. In this article, we examine a new line of reasoning, hypothesizing that the effectiveness of institutions (such as government justice agencies and the police) and poor controls for corruption are key factors for explaining the high levels of homicide in Latin America.

許多研究表明，社會經濟結構性因素是導致國際兇殺率差異的主要原因——社會經濟條件越優越，兇殺率通常越低。然而，儘管近年拉丁美洲國家的社會和經濟條件有所改善，其兇殺率卻依然居高不下。本文提出了一種新的分析框架，認為司法系統和警察等制度的低效運作，以及對腐敗的控制能力不足，是拉丁美洲兇殺率持續高企的關鍵原因。

We apply a random effects panel regression using a sample of 54 countries from Latin America and other parts of the world, and data for a 13-year period (2005–2017). We examine the relationships between homicide, government effectiveness, corruption and several structural variables to determine if the relationships between these variables are more apparent for countries in the Latin American region. We find that structural factors play less of a role in explaining the international variation in homicide levels, and that government effectiveness and corruption are significantly related to the high levels of homicide experienced in the Latin America region.

研究採用隨機效應面板迴歸模型，分析了2005年至2017年間54個國家的資料。本文分析了謀殺率、政府效能、腐敗，以及若干結構性變數之間的關係，以確定這些變數之間的關係在拉丁美洲是否更加顯著。結果表明，結構性因素對殺人水平的國際差異的影響較小，具體來看，政府效率低下和腐敗問題與拉丁美洲的高兇殺率呈顯著正相關。

The ‘Screw Boys’ and the ‘Businessmen’: Re-Negotiating Penal Power, Governance and Legitimate Authority Through a Prison Violence Reduction Scheme

“工頭”和“商人”：透過監獄暴力減少計劃重新協商刑罰權力、治理與合法權威

Kate Gooch and James Treadwell

Drawing on ethnographic and qualitative research, this article explores how both prisoners and staff wield authority in prison and with what effects. It combines legitimacy theory and governance theory to consider the relationship between legitimate and illegitimate governance by prisoners and officers, as well as establishing the limits of prisoner governance in remedying the deficits in State illegitimacy.

本文基於民族誌和定性研究，深入分析了囚犯與監獄工作人員如何行使權威及其背後的運作機制。結合合法性理論與治理理論，本文研究探討了囚犯與獄警在合法與非法治理模式中的互動關係，並審視了囚犯治理在彌補國家合法性不足時所面臨的侷限性。

It is argued that legitimate governance by prisoners (in the form of peer-support roles) must be coupled with the legitimate use of authority by prison officers to avoid the emergence, or expansion, of illegitimate prisoner governance. When this does not exist, such peer-support roles can distort the system of power and stimulate, rather than arrest, greater decline in social and moral order

研究發現，囚犯透過扮演同伴支持者角色來實現的“合法治理”，需要與獄警的合法權威行使緊密配合，以抑制非法囚犯治理的蔓延。如果缺乏這一配合機制，同伴支援角色可能會扭曲權力結構，不僅無法維護社會與道德秩序，反而可能進一步破壞監獄內的治理平衡。

The Floating Signifier of ‘Safety’: Correctional Officer Perspectives on COVID-19 Restrictions, Legitimacy and Prison Order

“安全”的漂浮符號：獄警視角下 COVID-19 防控措施的合法性與監獄秩序

William J Schultz and Rosemary Ricciardelli

The COVID-19 pandemic continues to affect prisons internationally. Existing research focuses on infection data, meaning we do not fully understand how COVID-19 shapes frontline prison dynamics. We draw on qualitative interviews with 21 Canadian federal correctional officers, exploring how the pandemic impacted prison management. Officers suggested inconsistent messaging around COVID-19 protocols reduced institutional and officers’ self-legitimacy, fracturing trust relationships with incarcerated people. Furthermore, officers suggest that personal protective equipment such as gowns and face shields took on multiple meanings.

新冠疫情持續對全球監獄體系產生深遠影響。然而，現有研究多集中於感染率和相關統計資料，鮮有關注疫情如何改變監獄前線的動態管理實踐。本文基於對 21 名加拿大聯邦獄警的定性訪談，系統探討了疫情防控對監獄治理的多重影響。研究發現，圍繞防疫協議的不一致資訊削弱了機構及獄警的自我合法性，動搖了獄警與囚犯之間的信任基礎。同時，諸如防護服和麵罩等防疫裝備承載了複雜的符號意義。

We use Lévi-Strauss’ floating signifier concept to analyse how individual definitions of ‘safety’ informed day-to-day prison routines. We conclude by arguing that legitimacy deficits and contested definitions of ‘safety’ will continue to create uncertainty, impacting prison operations going forward.

本文藉助列維-斯特勞斯的“漂浮符號”理論，剖析了個體對“安全”這一概念的不同詮釋如何塑造監獄的日常管理模式。最後，文章指出，合法性危機和對“安全”定義的分歧，將在未來監獄運作中持續製造不確定性和治理挑戰。

（圖片源自網路）

Social Capital, Mutual Aid and Desistance: A Theoretically Integrated Process Model

社會資本、互助與犯罪中止：一個理論整合的過程模型

Katherine Albertson and Kevin Albertson

Positive social capital-building outcomes were identified in a longitudinal evaluation of a veteran-specific initiative supporting desistance from crime and substance misuse. A secondary analysis of the qualitative data generated is presented here. We identify three transformational subjective re-alignments across the veteran cohort who sustained their engagement in the mutual aid initiative. These re-alignments are linked to the mobilization of bonding, bridging and linking sources of social capital.

本文透過對退役軍人參與犯罪與藥物濫用犯罪中止計劃的縱向評估，揭示了社會資本建設的積極成果。基於對定性資料的深入再分析，研究總結出退役軍人在參與互助計劃過程中經歷的三種主觀轉變，這些轉變分別與結合型、橋接型和連結型社會資本的動員過程密切相關。

We directly align mutual aid practice dynamics with the micro-, meso- and macro-level distinctions highlighted in relational desistance explanatory frameworks. Our analysis provides new insights into the relationship between social capital building and desistance. We present a theoretically informed social capital-building process model highlighting the generalizability of our findings to wider (ex-) offender populations.

本文將互助實踐的動態發展與關係型犯罪中止理論框架中的微觀、中觀和宏觀層次有機結合。研究不僅為社會資本建設與犯罪中止之間的關係提供了新的理論視角，還提出了一個理論驅動的社會資本建設過程模型，凸顯其對更廣泛（前）犯罪者群體的適用性和實踐價值。

Making Desistance Recognizable: How Ex-Offenders Can Signal Their Desistance From Crime to Employers by Strategic Design

去罪化訊號的可識別性：前犯罪者如何透過策略設計向僱主傳遞信任資訊

Suzanne E Reich

One of the primary concerns employers hold about hiring an ex-offender is the potential reoffending risk they pose. However, criminological literature shows that an ex-offender may be able to mitigate employers’ concerns by signalling their desistance from crime. Less understood is how ex-offenders can signal their desistance to (a) make desistance recognizable and (2) communicate desistance signals that employers value.

僱主在僱用前犯罪者時，主要顧慮之一是他們可能存在再次犯罪的風險。然而，犯罪學研究表明，前犯罪者可以透過傳遞去罪化訊號來緩解這一擔憂。儘管如此，目前對於如何有效傳遞這些訊號，使其在以下兩個方面發揮作用仍缺乏深入研究：（1）確保去罪化狀態能夠被清晰識別；（2）向僱主傳遞符合其需求和期望的去罪化訊號。

This article draws on the results from the second phase of an Explanatory Sequential Mixed Methods study with a sample of Australian employers who participated in semi-structured interviews (n = 43). The findings show desistance signals can be communicated to employers via strategic design. These findings along with the theoretical and policy implications are then discussed.

本文基於一項解釋性序列混合方法研究第二階的段資料，分析了來自澳大利亞的43名參與半結構化訪談的僱主的觀點。研究結果表明，前犯罪者可以透過策略性設計的去罪化訊號，增強僱主對其可信度的認知。最後，本文探討了這一發現的理論貢獻和政策啟示。

Con Air: exploring the trade in counterfeit and unapproved aircraft parts

空中騙局：假冒與未經批准飛機零部件交易的研究

Justin Kotzé and Georgios A Antonopoulos

Counterfeit aircraft parts are among the most well-known counterfeits and pose a significant risk to public safety. It is estimated that as much as 10% of the legal market for aircraft parts are counterfeits and the presence of these parts on commercial aircraft are more commonplace than many people realise. Yet, criminological research on this pressing issue is remarkably scarce. Informed by accounts from specialised and highly knowledgeable actors embedded in the aviation industry, this paper aims to explore how counterfeit and unapproved parts enter the legitimate supply chain and what factors drive or motivate their circulation and use.

假冒飛機零部件是眾所周知的一類假冒產品，對公共安全構成了重大威脅。研究表明，在合法的飛機零部件市場中，假冒產品可能佔比高達10%，它們在商用飛機中的出現頻率遠遠超出公眾的認知。然而，犯罪學領域對這一重要議題的研究卻相對匱乏。本文基於航空行業專業人士和資深從業者的見解，深入研究假冒和未經批准的零部件如何滲透合法供應鏈，並分析促使這些零部件得以流通和使用的關鍵驅動因素。

Regimes of Extreme Permission in Southeast Asia: Theorizing State-Corporate Crime in the Global South

東南亞極端許可機制：全球南方的國家-企業犯罪理論探討

Pablo Ciocchini and Joe Greener

Corporations’ profit-making objectives are a central force guiding development strategies in the Global South but contradictorily can be blamed for a range of social and environmental harms. This article brings a state-corporate crime lens to bear on the economic and political processes that shape Global South-located commodity production.

儘管企業盈利目標作為全球南方發展戰略的核心動力，推動了經濟增長，但同時也被認為是引發一系列社會和環境危害的重要原因。本文從國家-企業犯罪的理論視角出發，探討全球南方商品生產背後的經濟與政治程序。

It seeks to understand the functioning of neo-imperialist profiteering through elaborating the concept of regimes of extreme permission, described as modalities of ‘intense’ accumulation, defined by weaker or unstable forms of hegemony consolidation, illegal/illicit practices, state-sanctioned violence and various sociol-environmental degradations. Through analyses of two regimes of extreme permission in the SE Asian context—Indonesian palm oil plantations and Export Processing Zones for garment production in the Greater Mekong Subregion—the paper describes the role of states and corporations in constructing the repressive socio-political space required for neo-colonial corporate accumulation.

為揭示新帝國主義剝削的具體運作方式，本文提出了“極端許可機制”這一概念。這一機制是一種“高強度”積累模式，其特徵包括不穩定的霸權鞏固、非法或不法行為、國家支援的暴力，以及由此引發的社會與環境退化。透過分析東南亞地區的兩個典型案例—印度尼西亞的棕櫚油種植園和大湄公河次區域的服裝出口加工區，本文揭示了國家與企業在新殖民積累模式構建中扮演的關鍵角色，尤其是在塑造壓迫性社會政治空間方面的作用。

We contribute to ‘Southernizing’ criminology by re-articulating state-corporate crime theory within imperialist contexts. It also shows that neo-colonialism can be understood as the de-regulation of corporate accumulation

本文旨在透過帝國主義語境下的國家-企業犯罪理論分析，為“南方化”犯罪學提供新的理論貢獻，並闡明新殖民主義如何成為企業積累去監管化的表現形式。

（圖片源自網路）

Waiting for Europe: Utopia, Narratives of the Imaginary West and the Materiality of Police Culture in Ukraine

等待歐洲：烏克蘭警察文化中的烏托邦敘事、西方想象與物質性

Ivan Shmatko

Despite the long-held interest of researchers in the police culture(s), police imaginaries have barely received attention. This article is concerned with the imaginaries of the West produced by Ukrainian police officers. Based on the 5-month ethnography in two Ukrainian cities, I argue that Ukrainian police officers construct the idealized non-place of the Imaginary West to cope with the pressures of their work and criticize their working conditions, perceived lack of support from the state, gaps in infrastructure and lack of authority in encounters with the public. I discuss the implications of research on imaginary non-places for the field of police studies, arguing for the need to account for the materiality of culture.

警察文化長期以來是學術研究的核心議題之一，但關於對警察想象的探討卻相對較少。本文聚焦烏克蘭警察對“西方”的想象，基於在烏克蘭兩座城市為期五個月的民族誌研究，分析這一文化現象。研究發現，烏克蘭警察透過構建一個理想化的“西方”作為烏托邦式的“非場所”[1]，以應對工作中面臨的多種挑戰，例如對工作條件的不滿、國家支援的缺乏、基礎設施的落後，以及與公眾互動中權威感的不足。本文進一步探討了“想象非場所”這一概念對警察研究的啟發，呼籲未來研究更加關注文化的物質性維度，以為理解警察文化提供新的視角。

[1] “非場所”是法國人類學家馬克•奧熱 (Marc Auge) 針對具有歸屬感、關係性和歷史性的“人類學地點”提出的概念，指的是“不具有歸屬感、關係性和歷史性的空間”。它與奧熱所言的“超現代”（Supermodernity）概念框架有著緊密的關聯：在奧熱看來，這一概念被一種難以名狀卻又十分強烈的、希望賦予日常生活以意義的需求所驅動。See Marc Augé, Non-places: Introduction to an Anthropology of Super Modernity[M].London & New York: Verso,1995: 75-115.