最近關於警務的討論主要集中於其在社會中的適當作用上。從民主警務和警察合法性的角度來看，我們認為個體的報警意願是理解公眾對被執法的同意及其關於警務適當作用的看法的一種方法。與警方合作的意願和警察合法性的四種類型（可信賴性、規範一致性、服從義務和傳統合法性）之間的不同聯絡，則進一步複雜化了這對簡單的關係。

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Using the pretest and posttest of a survey vignette, we show that

 (1) individuals who legitimate the police on the basis of their traditional role in society are more likely to call the police for benign issues,

 (2) officer-involved shootings negatively impact individuals’ willingness to call the police, and

運用情景調查中的前後測試，結果表明：

（1）基於警察的社會傳統角色而認合法化警務的個體更有可能因為無害事物而報警；

（2）涉警槍擊事件會對個體報警意願產生負面影響；

（3）當個體基於感知到的規範一致性合法化警務時，涉警槍擊事件後的報警意願將會更大幅度地下降。

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Youth spend much of their time socializing and hanging out with friends, as well as engaging in extracurricular activities, in areas surrounding their schools. Additionally, many studies document a criminogenic effect of schools on the surrounding neighborhood. Yet little is known about how the structural characteristics of those areas shape adolescent involvement in criminal and delinquent behavior. 

青少年大部分時間都在學校周邊地區社交、與朋友聚會以及參加課外活動。此外，許多研究都表明，學校對周邊社群具有犯罪誘因效應。然而，人們對於這些地區的結構特徵是如何影響青少年參與犯罪和違法行為卻知之甚少。

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Using recent data drawn from surveys of adolescents in three major U.S. cities, the American Community Survey, and the US Census, we analyze

 (1) the effects of school neighborhood contexts on adolescent crime and

 (2) the extent to which individual propensity (i.e., moral beliefs and self-control) moderates the effects of the school neighborhood context. We find that concentrated disadvantage and ethnic heterogeneity of the school area impact delinquent behavior only among youth with certain moral beliefs. Our findings highlight the need to identify the conditions under which social context matters and to focus on different types of neighborhoods beyond residential areas.

利用來自美國三大城市的青少年調查、美國社群調查和美國人口普查的最新資料，我們分析了：

（1）學校周邊環境對青少年犯罪的影響，以及

（2）個體傾向（如道德信念和自我控制）對學校周邊環境影響的調節程度。我們發現，學校所在區域的集中劣勢和種族異質性僅對具有特定道德觀念的青少年的違法行為會產生影響。我們的研究結果強調，有必要發現社會環境會發揮作用的條件，並關注住宅區以外不同型別的社群。

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For nearly half of the period between 1999 and 2019, rates of rural overdose death surpassed those in urban areas. Despite this substantial increase, little attention has been given to rural overdose or the contextual factors that predict risk of fatal overdose in rural vs. urban communities.

在1999年至2019年的近一半時間裡，農村地區的用藥過量致死率超過了城市地區。儘管死亡率大幅上升，但對農村用藥過量問題或者預測農村與城市地區用藥過量致死風險的背景因素的關注卻甚少。

本研究運用風險地形模型來評估2016至2017年間俄亥俄州兩個城市和兩個農村的用藥過量致死情況。空間模型納入了與用藥過量致命有關的犯罪事件和建築環境特徵。透過預測準確指數（PAI）和預測效率指數（PEI*）評估空間模型的有效性。

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農村的空間模型更多受到先前犯罪事件的影響，而城市的風險則由犯罪和建築環境特徵共同決定。綜合來看，模型準確預測了2018年高達76%的用藥過量致死情況。農村模型整體來說更為準確，這主要體現在未來用藥過量致死風險預計最高的地區。與城市模型相比，農村模型的預測準確性和效率呈現更大的差異。

將風險地形模型用於預測農村地區的用藥過量致死情況是可行的。儘管農村和城市地區的潛在風險因素和風險預測模型有所不同，但二者均可以用來精進治療和預防的資源配置，從而實現針對性干預。

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Policing of driving under the influence (DUI) has varied widely over both time and place in the U.S. While some limited research has explored informal social norms and spatial variation in DUI enforcement, none have examined this phenomenon longitudinally. This is particularly important since public opinion about DUI and its enforcement has changed since the 1980’s. Thus, this project examines how structural factors associated with alcohol norms such as anti-alcohol religious populations, county prohibition of alcohol sales, and large universities with athletic programs are related to change in DUI enforcement from 1985—2014. 

隨著時間和地點的變化呈現巨大差異。雖然一些有限的研究已經探討了酒後駕車執法中的非正式社會規範和空間差異，但尚未出現對該現象的縱向研究。而這一視角尤為重要，這是因為自20世紀80年代以來，公眾對酒駕及其執法的看法歷經變遷。因此，本專案旨在研究與酒精規範相關的結構性因素（如反酒精宗教人口、縣級酒精銷售禁令和設有體育專案的大學）與1985年至2014年間酒後駕車執法的變化之間具有何種關係。

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The results indicate that pro-alcohol measures such as large universities and pro-alcohol religion are related to decreased DUI enforcement, and anti-alcohol religious population are associated with increased enforcement levels. Overall, these findings support the argument that the change in DUI enforcement may be conditioned by the informal norms relating to alcohol in each community.

研究結果表明，大學和親酒宗教等支援酒精的措施與酒後駕車執法的減少有關，而反酒精宗教人口則與執法水平的提高有關。總體而言，這些發現支援了以下結論：酒後駕車執法的變化可能受制於各個社群與酒精有關的非正式規範。

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COVID-19 caused a great burden on the healthcare system and led to lockdown measures across the globe. These measures are likely to influence crime rates, but a comprehensive overview on the impact of COVID-19 on crime rates is lacking. The aim of the current study was to systematically review evidence on the impact of COVID-19 measures on crime rates across the globe. We conducted a systematic search in several databases to identify eligible studies up until 6–12-2021. 

COVID-19給醫療系統造成了巨大負擔，並導致全球各地採取封鎖措施。這些措施可能會影響犯罪率，但目前仍然缺乏關於COVID-19對犯罪率影響的全面概述。本研究旨在系統回顧全球範圍內COVID-19限制措施影響犯罪率的證據。我們在多個數據庫中進行了系統檢索，以確定截至2021年12月6日符合條件的研究。

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最終獲得共計46項研究，其報道了99種犯罪率，包括搶劫（n = 12）、財產犯罪（n = 15）、毒品犯罪（n = 5）、詐騙（n = 5）、身體暴力（n = 15）、性暴力（n = 11）、兇殺（n = 12）、網路犯罪（n = 3）、家庭暴力（n = 3）、親密伴侶暴力（n = 14）以及其他犯罪（n = 4）。

Overall, studies showed that most types of crime temporarily declined during COVID-19 measures. Homicides and cybercrime were an exception to this rule and did not show significant changes following COVID-19 restrictions. Studies on domestic violence often found increased crime rates, and this was particularly true for studies based on call data rather than crime records. Studies on intimate partner violence reported mixed results. We found an immediate impact of COVID-19 restrictions on almost all crime rates except for homicides, cybercrimes and intimate partner violence.

總體而言，研究表明在COVID-19措施實施期間，大多數型別的犯罪都會暫時性減少。不過兇殺和網路犯罪是例外，它們在COVID-19限制措施實施後並沒有發生顯著變化。關於家庭暴力的研究通常發現犯罪率上升，這在基於報警資料而非犯罪記錄的研究中尤為明顯。關於親密伴侶暴力的研究報告結果不一。除兇殺、網路犯罪和親密伴侶暴力之外，我們發現COVID-19限制措施對幾乎所有種類的犯罪率都產生了立竿見影的影響。

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We sought to understand the individual level predictors of intermediate outcomes in a diversion drug court. Outcomes included acceptance to drug court, sanction(s), incentives(s), drug test results, and graduation. Because much of the prior literature on individual level predictors of these outcomes is mixed, drug courts can benefit from analysis of their own data to understand what factors are important, or not, for their population. 

本研究旨在瞭解分流毒品法庭的中期結果的個體水平預測變數。結果包括被毒品法庭接受、處罰、獎勵、藥物檢測結果以及畢業情況。由於關於這些結果的個體水平預測變數的現有文獻研究各有側重，毒品法庭可以透過分析自己的資料來了解這些因素對相應人群是否重要。

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我們分析了行政資料，並發現大量的預測因素會因結果而異。研究結果表明，法庭遵守了最佳實踐標準（“佛羅里達州成人藥物法庭最佳實踐標準”，2017年），因為在是否被毒品法庭接受、在毒品法庭受到處罰、以及畢業成功或出獄失敗之間，並沒有種族或性別差異。法官團隊可以利用這些發現來更好地瞭解有關人群和專案，並確保符合最佳實踐標準。研究結果也有利於毒品法庭相關研究的進一步展開。

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Immense pressure is being put on criminal justice agencies to adopt and implement evidence-based practices (EBP). Empirical evidence highlights the need for leadership support to make agencies more evidence-based. The current study is an empirical examination of how criminal justice leaders understand EBP and its correlates or predictors in the domains of agency characteristics, individual characteristics, and openness to research partnerships. Data were collected through a statewide survey of police chiefs and chief probation/parole officers in Pennsylvania. Using a multinomial logistic regression model and a binary logistic regression model, correlates and predictors of familiarity and accuracy with EBP were identified. 

刑事司法機關在採納和實施循證實踐（EBP）方面面臨巨大壓力。實證證據強調了領導支援在促使機構以證據為根據上的必要性。本研究從機構特徵、個體特徵和對研究合作的開放性方面著手，對刑事司法機構領導人如何理解EBP及其相關因素或預測因素進行了實證研究。資料是透過對賓夕法尼亞州警察局長和首席緩刑/假釋官進行的全州範圍調查收集的。利用多項Logistic迴歸模型和二項Logistic迴歸模型，確定了EBP熟悉度和準確性的相關因素和預測因素。

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About 32% had never heard of EBP, 27% were familiar with it but did not define it correctly, and 41% held some knowledge of it. Results showed that EBP training may have introduced EBPs to leaders, but it failed to teach them what EBP actually is, and their lack of knowledge of EBP may be contributing to their lack of participation in research partnerships. By providing recommendations based on findings related to EBP training and research partnerships, the current research contributes to the ongoing discussion regarding challenges associated with EBP implementation and acceptance of EBPs among criminal justice practitioners.

調查顯示，調查物件中約32%從未聽說過EBP，27%熟悉但沒有正確的理解，41%有一定的瞭解。結果表明，EBP培訓確實可能向領導介紹了EBP，但並未教給領導EBP的實際含義，而他們對EBP瞭解的匱乏則可能是他們在研究合作方面參與不足的原因之一。本研究就EBP培訓和研究合作關係的相關發現提出建議，從而為EBP落實問題、刑事司法從業者對EBP的接受程度等難題的後續探討作出貢獻。

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