譯者 | 方炯植 山東大學
一審 | 鄧雅元 復旦大學
二審 | peipei 布里斯托大學
編輯 | 鍾翼飛 國際關係學院
扎恩哈爾 新疆農業大學
責編 | 馬語謙 武漢理工大學
American Journal of Criminal Justice Volume 48, Issue 3 | June 2023
《美國刑事司法雜誌》
第48卷第3期
1
Local Incarceration as Social Control:
A National Analysis of Social, Economic, and Political Determinants of Jail Use in the United States
將地方監禁作為社會控制的手段：
從社會、經濟、政治角度分析全美範圍內的監禁率
Heather M. Ouellette&Brandon K. Applegate
Local jails occupy a central position in the criminal justice system, and admission and population levels reflect the policies and decisions of multiple system actors. Drawing from a social threat perspective and political framework, this study examines to what extent county-level variation in local incarceration is influenced by racial and ethnic heterogeneity, economic inequality, and political conservatism using a nationally representative sample of U.S. jails. This study finds that county-level Black presence and Hispanic presence differentially impact jail use.
地方監禁在美國刑事司法體系中佔據核心地位，入獄人數和在押人數的具體水平反映了多個政府系統（部門）的政策和決定。本研究從社會威脅的視角和政治框架出發，利用全美範圍內具有代表性的監獄作為樣本，探討了縣級層面的地方監禁差異究竟在多大程度上受到種族與民族間的異質性、經濟上的不平等性和政治保守主義的影響。研究發現，在縣級層面上，非洲裔美國人和西班牙裔人的人口比例對監禁率有著不同影響。
Specifically, racial threat has a U-shaped curvilinear relationship with local incarceration, and ethnic threat has an inverted U-shaped curvilinear relationship with jail use. This study reveals the importance of examining the impact of minority threat by assessing the racial make-up of local areas separately from ethnic composition, as well as testing for nonlinear effects. Further, inclusion of counties’ economic conditions and political ideology are critical in more fully accounting for how variations in the local community impact jail use.
具體而言，“種族威脅”（racial threat） 與地方監禁率呈正U型曲線關係，而“民族威脅”（ethnic threat） 與地方監禁率呈倒U型曲線關係。本研究指出，將地區內人口的種族構成比例和族裔構成比例分開評估這一研究方法，對檢驗“少數（種族/族裔）威脅”概念（對監禁率）的影響以及測試其與監禁率間的非線性關係具有重要意義。此外，將不同縣級行政區的經濟狀況，政治意識形態納入考量也對更充分地解釋地區間差異如何影響監禁率具有至關重要的作用。
2
Impact of Extralegal and Community Factors on Police Officers’ Decision to Book Arrests for Minor Offenses
法外因素和社群因素對警察對輕微犯罪行為進行正式登記逮捕的決策影響
John D. Crum & David M. Ramey
Booked arrests carry greater harms than non-booked arrests. When booked following an arrest, individuals are confined without guilt and an official criminal record forms that carries several negative consequences. Even with these greater harms, police decision to book arrests is understudied with little research on what factors influence this decision. This study utilizes official booking data to determine if suspect extralegal and community factors affect officers’ decisions to book arrests across minor offenses. The study uses data from the Chandler Police Department in Arizona and the American Community Survey from 2013 to 2019. These data include suspect legal/extralegal, officer, time, and block-group level factors. Using a cross-classified modeling approach, we examine factors associated with booking arrests across five offenses (cannabis possession, drug paraphernalia, shoplifting, criminal damage, and non-DUI-traffic).
正式登記的逮捕（立案拘捕、刑事拘留） 比未登記的逮捕帶來更大的危害。當逮捕被正式登記後，個人將在沒被定罪前被拘禁，並形成了一個對其本人有多種負面後果的官方犯罪記錄。儘管正式登記的逮捕對個人有著這樣大的危害後果，但對警察究竟如何決定是否正式登記逮捕的研究較少，對警察的這一決策過程中的影響因素也幾乎沒有相關的討論研究。本研究利用官方登記資料，探討嫌疑人行為的法外因素和社群因素是否會影響警察對輕微犯罪進行正式登記逮捕的判斷過程。本研究使用了亞利桑那州錢德勒警察局的資料以及2013年至2019年期間的美國社群調查資料。資料涵蓋了嫌疑人犯罪時的法律因素、法外因素、警官的個人因素、時間相關的因素及社群因素。透過交叉分類建模的方法 ，研究分析了與五種罪行相關的被登記逮捕中各因素（持有大麻、涉毒品犯罪、盜竊商店、刑事傷害和非酒駕交通違法）。
Results suggest that legal factors, particularly felony charges, are associated with higher odds of booking after arrest. However, we also demonstrate how extralegal factors significantly impact police decision to book arrests. Native Americans, Blacks, older individuals, and those with prior records had higher odds of booked arrests. While the odds of booked arrest varied across officers and communities, few officer or community factors were related to the decision to book arrests. Results suggest extralegal factors remain significant across minor offenses. These findings highlight the need to examine disparities on police post-arrest outcomes, expand racial categories studied, and incorporate less utilized variables like prior record.
結果表明，法律因素（罪行性質等）與逮捕是否被登記的相關性相較於其他因素更高，特別是涉及重罪指控時。但研究還發現法外因素（如種族、性別）顯著影響著警察進行正式登記逮捕的決策。印第安原住民、非洲裔美國人、年長者以及有前科的人被正式登記逮捕的可能性較高。儘管正式登記逮捕的可能性會因為不同的警官和不同的社群而各異，但這類因素的影響較小。研究結果表明，法外因素在輕微犯罪是否被正式登記逮捕中具有顯著影響。研究結果表明，未來需要更深入地研究警察對不同案件處理結果中的差異（正式登記逮捕與否），尤其是種族因素在不同結果中的影響。研究還指出，目前研究中涉及的種族類別有限，應該擴大研究範圍，涵蓋更多種族群體。此外，研究應當納入較少使用的變數，如犯罪前科等，以便更加全面地理解這些變數在警察決策中的作用。
（圖片源於網路）
3
Revisiting the Association Between Attachment to Parents and Adolescent Substance Use: Conditional Effects of Parental Disapproval
法重新審視青少年對父母依戀和成癮性物質使用間的關係：父母不認可態度的條件效應
Ryan C. Meldrum M, Peter S. Lehmann, Suman Kakar & Rachel Silverthorn
Social bond theory provides a clear theoretical link between attachment to parents and reduced involvement with substance use regardless of the substance use-related attitudes and behaviors of parents. In contrast, social learning theories contend that attachment to parents may increase substance use if youth perceive that their parents are less disapproving, or even approving, of it. To date, these contrasting propositions have received limited empirical attention, and the present study aims to resolve this theoretical tension.
社會紐帶理論提供了一個清晰的理論聯絡，即無論父母對孩子使用（成癮性）物質的態度如何或採取何種行動，青少年對父母的依戀關係都能減少他們使用（成癮性）物質的可能性。相比之下，社會學習理論則認為，如果青少年發現父母對（成癮性）物質使用的態度較為寬容，甚至支援使用，那麼他們與父母的依戀關係反而可能增加（成癮性）物質使用行為。迄今為止，這兩種相互矛盾的理論並未在實證研究領域得到較多關注。本研究旨在化解兩個理論的分歧。
Using data on a statewide sample of middle and high school students from Florida (N = 48315), we assess the main and interactive effects of attachment to parents and parental disapproval of substance use on youths’ own use of cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana. The results provide evidence that the negative to null effect of attachment to parents on substance use changes to positive as youth perceive parents to be less disapproving of substance use. The findings of this study challenge the assumption that greater attachment to parents is universally protective against substance use and provide support for social learning perspectives over social bond theory.
透過使用來自佛羅里達全州範圍內初中生和高中生的樣本資料（N=48315），研究評估了對父母依戀和父母對物質使用的反對態度對青少年吸菸、飲酒和使用大麻的直接影響和兩者之間的相互影響。研究結果表明，父母依戀在通常情況下可能會減少青少年的物質使用（負面影響），或者對青少年的物質使用沒有明顯影響（無效影響）。但當青少年感受到父母對物質使用的反對態度不強烈時，這種依戀關係反而可能促使青少年增加物質使用（正面影響）。本研究的發現挑戰了“更強的父母依戀普遍能防止（成癮性）物質使用”這一假設。因此，本研究結果更支援社會學習理論，而非社會紐帶理論。
4
Does Mentoring Work with High-Risk Adult Probationers?
The Implementation and Outcomes of an Adult Mentoring Court
導師輔導對高風險成年緩刑人員是否有效？
——成人導師輔導法庭的實施與效果
Caitlin J. Taylor
While some programs for justice system-involved adults have included mentoring as one of many different program components, a problem-solving court known as the MENTOR (Mentors Empowering Now to Overcome Recidivism) program was recently the first known program to center mentoring as the primary program component. Evaluation results suggested that program participants experienced a high quantity and quality of mentoring and case management. Using a quasi-experimental research design with a matched comparison group, outcome evaluation results revealed that the program was associated with a significant reduction in probation revocations, a marginally significant reduction in new arrests, and no significant effects on employment outcomes in the 12-month study period.
儘管一些處理成年人犯罪的司法系統開展的專案早已經將導師輔導作為其專案的眾多組成部分之一，但最近一個名為MENTOR的矯正性法庭（Mentors Empowering Now to Overcome Recidivism）（“導師賦能以克服再犯罪”）專案卻首次將導師輔導作為其專案的核心組成部分。評估結果顯示該專案的參與者們獲得了大量的高質量的導師輔導和個案疏導。本研究透過使用帶有匹配對照組的準實驗研究進行分析，結果顯示該專案在12個月的研究期間內顯著減少了緩刑撤銷的案例數量，新逮捕案例數量的減少較為顯著，但該專案對就業結果沒有顯著影響。
（圖片源於網路）
5
Jail-Based Court Notifications to Improve Appearance Rates Following Early Pretrial Release
採用基於監獄的法庭通知系統以提高嫌疑人在預審提前釋放後出庭率
Chelsea M. A. Foudray , Spencer G. Lawson
&
Evan M. Lowder
Pretrial reform efforts have facilitated earlier release of pretrial defendants, raising potential concerns about an increase in failure to appear (FTA) rates. Prior research has shown mixed, but generally positive, effectiveness of court notification strategies to reduce FTAs; however, to our knowledge, no study has examined this strategy for defendants released prior to charge filing.
預審改革的努力促成了對預審被告的更早釋放，但也引發了對未出庭率（FTA）上升的潛在擔憂。以往研究顯示，不同的法庭通知策略在減少未出庭率方面的效果參差不齊，但總體呈積極趨勢。然而，據我們所知，目前沒有研究專門探討若在尚未正式提出指控之前就釋放被告時，這種法庭通知策略是否有效。
We conducted a retrospective, quasi-experimental investigation of the effectiveness of collecting contact information at the time of jail intake relative to practice as usual (i.e., court-based data collection and notification) on FTA outcomes. Participants were 527 pretrial defendants (205 intervention; 322 control) who received early release from jail between April 2018 through March 2019.
我們進行了追溯性（即研究是在回顧過去資料的基礎上進行）的準實驗研究，調查在被告入獄時收集聯絡方式（監獄主導）相對於常規做法（即透過法庭系統收集和通知，法庭主導）對未出庭率的影響。研究物件為527名預審被告（205人屬於干預組（實驗組），322人屬於對照組），這些被告在2018年4月至2019年3月間被提前釋放。
Results showed jail-based notification was not associated with reduced likelihood of an FTA. However, the effect of jail-based notification on FTA was moderated by time to initial hearing, suggesting that jail-based collection of contact information may reduce FTA rates for initial hearings if the hearings are conducted in a reasonable timeframe following release. Our findings suggest a need for more research on court notification strategies overall and closer attention to the accessibility of notifications in the context of pretrial reform efforts.
結果顯示，基於監獄的通知系統（被告入獄時收集聯絡方式）與降低未出庭率的可能性之間沒有顯著關聯。但基於監獄的通知系統對未出庭率的效果受首次聽證時間的影響。這表明如果聽證會在合理的時間範圍內進行，基於監獄的通知系統可能有助於降低首次聽證的未出庭率。研究結果表明，在預審改革背景下，對法庭通知策略需要進行更多的、全面的研究，需要更加關注通知的可及性問題。
（圖片源於網路）
6
Neighborhood Fixer Uppers: Do Home Improvement Loans Influence Crime Across Race and over Time?
社群修繕：房屋裝修貸款是否對不同種族間以及不同時間內的犯罪率產生影響？
Lexi M. Gill, Lyndsay N. Boggess
&
Alyssa W. Chamberlain
There has been a renewed interest in moving back into cities, which are close to business districts and offer affordable and unique housing. However, the available housing is limited and may require renovation as available housing close to the citycenter is often located in more economically disadvantaged neighborhoods. Property repairs and upgrading contributes not only to the improvement of individual owners’ properties, but the neighborhood overall. This influx of new residents and subsequent investment in housing can impact neighborhood crime, but the majority of the research on housing and crime has focused largely on home mortgage loans.
近來，人們對搬回城市的興趣重新增長，這主要是因為城市靠近商業區並能提供人們負擔得起的具有特色的城市住房。然而，可供選擇的住房有限，且可能需要翻修，因為靠近市中心的住房通常位於經濟條件較差的社群中。房產的修繕和升級不僅有助於房主個人的財產改善，也能提升社群的整體狀況。這種新居民的湧入和隨之而來的住房投資可能會對社群犯罪率產生影響，但大多數關於住房和犯罪的研究主要集中在住房抵押貸款上。
The current study extends the housing investment literature by using an underutilized data source: home improvement and refinance loans, which signal physical improvement in the housing stock.This process may be different for neighborhoods that have a higher prevalence of minority residents as historically these residents have been subjected to inequitable lending practices. The current study examines how revitalization efforts in Cleveland, Ohio have influenced crime rates for the years 2007 through 2017 with special attention paid to the interplay of neighborhood racial composition and home improvement loans. Results from fixed-effects panel analysis reveal that home improvement loans are associated with an increase in property but not violent crime rates overall.
本研究透過使用一個先前較少被利用的資料擴充套件了對住房投資的研究，這個資料即是房屋裝修和再融資貸款，這些貸款的存在表明住房得到了翻修和改善。（透過房屋改造貸款進行住房翻修和改善）這一過程可能對少數族裔居民較多的社群有所不同，因為歷史上這些居民常受到不公平貸款政策的影響。本研究考察了2007年至2017年間俄亥俄州克利夫蘭市的修繕振興如何影響犯罪率，特別關注了社群種族組成和房屋裝修貸款間的相互作用。研究透過固定效應面板模型分析發現，房屋裝修貸款與財產犯罪率的增加存在關聯，但與暴力犯罪率沒有顯著關聯。
Splitting neighborhoods into predominantly Black versus all other neighborhoods, however, results show that higher rates of home improvement loans are associated with lower violent crime rates, but the effect is tempered in Black neighborhoods. This suggests that the relationship between home improvement loans and violent crime is more complicated and varies by neighborhood composition.
然而，當將社群分為以非洲裔美國人為主的社群和其他社群時，結果顯示，較高的房屋裝修貸款率往往帶來較低的暴力犯罪率，但在非洲裔美國人社群中，這一效果有所減弱。（即雖然房屋改造貸款在整體上有助於降低暴力犯罪，但在非洲裔美國人社群中，這種貸款對暴力犯罪的影響不如在其他社群中那麼顯著）這表明房屋裝修貸款與暴力犯罪之間的關係更為複雜，並根據社群（種族/族群）組成的不同而有所變化。
（圖片源於網路）
7
An examination of sentencing outcomes in rural and urban locations
對城鄉地區量刑結果的分析
Ebony L. Ruhland PhD & Bryan Holmes
Previous studies have examined extralegal variables that influence sentencing outcomes. In this study, we examine the role of location on sentencing outcomes. Using data from the Minnesota Sentencing Guidelines, we hypothesize that rural counties are more likely to sentence individuals to prison compared to urban counties. With the growth of community alternatives and decarceration, we believe urban areas will utilize community-based sanctions more whereas rural areas have limited alternatives or barriers to accessing them and thus, will rely on incarceration. Controlling for legal and extralegal factors, the findings illustrate how sentencing practices differ by location as it relates to the use of community alternatives, jail incarceration, and state prison. The implications offer insights into what may explain these differences.
以往的研究已經探討了影響量刑結果的法外變數 。本研究中，我們重點分析了地理因素對量刑結果的影響。透過使用明尼蘇達州量刑指南中的資料，我們假設農村縣比城市縣更有可能對個人判處監禁。隨著社群安置的替代方案的發展和減少監禁的趨勢，我們認為城市地區更傾向於採用基於社群的處置措施，而農村地區由於缺乏可用的替代方案或在獲取此類方案時存在障礙，則更傾向於依賴監禁作為懲治手段。在排除法律和法外因素的影響後，研究結果展示了不同地點在量刑實踐上的差異，特別是在懲治措施中究竟是使用社群替代措施（如緩刑或社群服務）還是使用地方監禁或州立監獄等方面的不同。研究結果帶來的啟示有助於解釋這些差異的原因。
8
The Criminal Justice Activism of Naomi Osaka: A Case Study in the Criminology of Celebrity Culture
大坂直美的刑事司法行動主義：名人文化與犯罪學視角下的案例研究
Mathieu Deflem
This paper examines the criminal justice activism of tennis star Naomi Osaka as it evolved during the COVID-19 pandemic regarding matters of police violence and racial justice. Calls to reform and defund the police received much attention in the aftermath of the police killing of George Floyd in May 2020. The Floyd killing also motivated Naomi Osaka to begin her criminal justice activism, which has generally been very well received. Adopting a constructionist perspective, I investigate how Osaka’s criminal justice activism has, in the broader context of the development of celebrity culture, been subjectively motivated and inter-subjectively received by the public and in the news media.
本文探討了網球明星大坂直美在COVID-19疫情期間圍繞警察暴力和種族正義問題的刑事司法行動主義。2020年5月喬治·弗洛伊德被警察殺害後，呼籲改革和削減警察經費的聲音得到了廣泛關注。這一事件也促使大坂直美提出了她的刑事司法行動主義，這一舉措總體上受到廣泛歡迎。本文從建構主義的視角出發，研究了大坂直美的刑事司法行動主義在名人文化發展的廣域背景下，是如何在主觀上受到其個人動機驅動，並在公眾和新聞媒體中獲得跨主體性的接受。
Theoretically this paper has the two-fold objective of developing a model of the conditions favorable to the successful reception of celebrity activism and, additionally, of suggesting how such criminologically relevant activism can be understood in terms of a process of celebritization of criminal justice and police reform as causes worthy of attention. This case study of Osaka’s criminal justice activism reveals the important role a celebrity can play in influencing public sentiments about key aspects of policing and crime control as an important element of criminal justice culture.
理論上，本文有雙重目標：一是試圖構建一個模型，解釋在什麼條件下名人的倡導能夠被成功接納；二是探討如何將大坂直美的刑事司法行動主義視為刑事司法系統和警察系統改革中值得關注的名人化現象。（即名人透過個人影響力為刑事司法改革賦予更高的公眾關注度，將其轉化為社會變革的一部分）。本案例研究揭示了名人利用他們的公眾影響力，能夠顯著影響社會對刑事司法系統關鍵問題的態度，尤其是在警察部門和犯罪控制方面。（透過名人的介入），刑事司法議題能夠（獲得更多的關注和更深遠的公眾影響力），成為司法文化討論的一部分。
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Benefits and Shortcomings of an Established Sexual Assault Response Team:
A Qualitative Examination of Stakeholder Interviews
已建立的性侵犯應對小組的優缺點：
一項基於對相關方的訪談的定性研究
Sarah Koon-Magnin&Kathryn A. McGill
&
Kimberly Lauren Pusey
In order to combat sexual violence and better respond to victims of sexual assault, some jurisdictions have taken steps, including the creation of Sexual Assault Response Teams (SARTs). SARTs are generally comprised of representatives from the agencies primarily tasked with responding to sexual assault within the jurisdiction (e.g., law enforcement, advocates, prosecutors, and sexual assault nurse examiners). Ten members of SART were interviewed about the benefits and shortcomings of the organization. Results indicated that all members believed that interdisciplinary collaboration and mutual respect were both imperative to a successful SART. Furthermore, members identified benefits to themselves individually, in their role on the team, to victims, and to SART as a whole. Finally, shortcomings of SART emerged.
為了打擊性暴力犯罪並更好地為性侵受害者們提供幫助，一些地區（司法轄區）採取了應對措施，包括成立性侵犯應對小組（SARTs）。性侵犯應對小組通常由該轄區內負責性侵犯案件處理的各機構代表組成（如執法部門、受害者維權（支援）人員（advocate）、檢察官和性侵犯取證護士等）。本研究對十名SART小組成員就該組織的優點與不足進行了訪談。訪談結果顯示，所有受訪者都認為跨學科合作與相互尊重這兩點對性侵犯應對小組的成功至關重要。此外，受訪者們還指出了他們在小組中參與和扮演的角色，對其個人、對受害者以及對整個SART小組所帶來的益處。最終，研究還揭示了SART小組的一些不足之處。
（圖片源於網路）
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“It was there when I came home”: young adults and jail reentry in the context of COVID-19
“當我回家時它就已經在那裡了”：COVID-19背景下年輕人（年輕刑滿釋放者）和出獄後重返社會的問題
Laura S. Abrams, Taylor A. Reed, Christopher Bondoc, Desiree R. Acosta, Mary Murillo & Elizabeth S. Barnert
In this study, the authors explore how young adults navigated the dual challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic and jail reentry in a large urban environment. Fifteen young adults (aged 18–25) participated in up to nine monthly semi-structured interviews to discuss their experiences of reentry during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic (i.e., spring and summer 2020). Participants held mixed attitudes and beliefs about COVID-19.Several participants viewed the pandemic as a hoax, while others took the pandemic more seriously, particularly if their friends and family members had contracted the virus.
在本研究中，作者探討了大城市環境中的年輕刑滿釋放者如何應對COVID-19疫情和出獄後重返社會的雙重挑戰。共有15名年齡在18至25歲間的年輕刑滿釋放者參與了每月進行的半結構化（semi-structured)訪談，其中參與最多的達到了九次。訪談討論他們在COVID-19疫情高峰期（即2020年春季和夏季）重返社會的經歷。受訪者們對COVID-19持有不同的態度和看法。一些受訪者認為疫情是個騙局，而其他人則更嚴肅地對待疫情，特別是那些有朋友或家人曾感染病毒的受訪者。
Yet nearly all participants viewed the pandemic as having a relatively minimal impact on their lives compared to the weight of their reentry challenges and probation requirements. Young adults described COVID-19 stay-at-home orders as limiting their exposure to negative influences and facilitating compliance with probation requirements. However, resource closures due to COVID-19, including schools, employment programs, and social services presented barriers to reentry success. The authors draw upon these findings to pose implications for interventions supporting young adult reentry.
但幾乎所有受訪者都認為，與再入社會的挑戰和滿足“緩刑要求”（Probation requirements）的困難相比，疫情對他們生活的影響相對較小。受訪的年輕人表示，COVID-19居家令減小了他們受到負面影響的機率，並有助於他們遵守“緩刑要求”。但COVID-19導致的服務停擺，行業停業，包括學校、就業專案的關閉和社會服務的停擺，給他們重返社會帶來了障礙。根據這些發現，作者提出了若干有利於年輕刑滿釋放者重返社會的相關建議。
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Juvenile Recidivism:
An Examination of State Measurement Strategies
青少年再犯罪率：
各州測量策略的研究
William M. Casey & Sonja E. Siennick
Scholars, practitioners, and policymakers have called for greater uniformity in state juvenile justice systems’ operationalizations of juvenile recidivism. Yet the last censuses of these measurement strategies found that states’ measures varied widely and generally did not conform to recommended best practices. The current study combined reviews of state publications and statutes with communications with juvenile justice agency representatives to create an updated accounting of current measurement practices. Now, nearly one-third of states have adopted the Council of Juvenile Justice Administrators best practices for operationalizing juvenile recidivism. In addition, most states now track youth into the adult criminal justice system. There remains wide variation in the type of system contact assessed and the follow-up period used. Continued improvements in measurement will enable stakeholders to make better comparisons across systems, programs, and states.
學者、法律行業從業者和政策制定者呼籲各州處理青少年犯罪的司法系統推進對青少年再犯罪率的具體定義和測量標準（operationalizations）更大程度上的統一。然而，基於對此類測量定義方法的檢驗，最新的普查發現，各州的測量標準差異很大，且大都未與推薦的最佳實踐標準保持一致。本研究透過將審查各州出版物和法規與負責青少年犯罪的司法機構的代表進行溝通等方式相結合，得出了當前各州測量實踐的最新的統計結果。如今，近三分之一的州已經採用了青少年司法管理者委員會的最佳實踐標準來測量青少年再犯罪率。此外，大多數州現在還追蹤青少年犯罪進入成人刑事司法系統的情況。同時，各州在評估青少年與司法系統接觸方式時，方法仍然存在很大差異，此外，各州使用的跟蹤期（即對再犯行為進行跟蹤的時間長度）也不盡相同。測量方法的持續改進將使各相關方能更好地在不同的（測量）系統、（測量）專案和（採用不同測量方法的）州之間進行比較。
（圖片源於網路）
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Recidivism Outcomes Under a Shifting Continuum of Control
在動態變化的控制措施下的再犯罪情況
Mia Bird, Viet Nguyen & Ryken Grattet
Criminal justice systems across the United States are reducing reliance on prison incarceration and moving toward more local and noncustodial types of responses to felony offenders. Rather than wholesale decarceration, states and counties are shifting felons along what we call a “continuum of control,” which allows for people who previously might have been incarcerated in state prison to be sentenced to jail, jail plus probation, or probation without a custodial spell. With some notable exceptions, existing research has focused primarily on contrasting prison versus community placements and ignored the intermediary alternatives between the poles of the continuum.
美國刑事司法系統正在減少對監禁手段的依賴，並轉向對重罪犯採取更多本地化和非監禁的應對措施。但各州和各縣並沒有選擇大規模地減少監禁，而是轉而將重罪犯安置於我們稱之為“動態控制”的不同層級上，這使那些原本可能會被判州監獄監禁的人，可以被處以（在地方監獄）短期監禁、（在地方監獄）監禁加緩刑，或僅緩刑而不必接受（在地方監獄）監禁。除了少數例外，現有的研究主要集中在對比（州）監獄監禁與社群安置措施（譯者注：如社群服務），而忽略了兩者之間的中間替代方案（如在地方監獄監禁或緩刑）。
In this study, we compare the recidivism outcomes of felons sentenced to prison versus those sentenced to jail, jail plus probation, and probation alone. On balance, our findings show that jail incarceration results in the same or lower rearrest and reconviction rates than incarceration in prison. We also find consistent evidence that while rearrests are frequently higher for probation with or without a jail spell, reconvictions are consistently lower for similarly situated offenders than prison. These findings provide partial evidence in support of policies that move people convicted of felonies to less costly, more local, and less confining alternatives than prison.
在本研究中，我們比較了被判處（在地方監獄）監禁、（在地方監獄）監禁加緩刑和僅緩刑而不必接受（在地方監獄）監禁的重罪犯的再犯罪情況。總體而言，研究結果表明，監禁在地方監獄（jail）的罪犯的再逮捕率和再定罪率與在（州）監獄（prison）服刑罪犯相同或更低。研究還發現，儘管被處以單獨緩刑或緩刑加（在地方監獄）短期監禁的罪犯逮捕率較高，但與被處以州監獄監禁的類似罪犯相比，被處以緩刑的罪犯的再定罪率始終較低。這些發現某種程度上支援了將重罪犯轉移到比州監獄監禁成本更低、本地化程度更高且對罪犯限制更少的替代方案。
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Trajectories of Offending: Comparing US Born and Non-US Born Respondents in the Add Health
犯罪軌跡：對比《青少年健康調查》中美國出生與非美國出生受訪者的犯罪行為響
Stephen J. Watts & Sara Z. Evansy
Immigration is sometimes associated with crime and delinquency in the mind of the public, and it is often assumed that individuals not born in the U.S. engage in more crime and delinquency than do the native born. However, not enough research to date has looked at offending across the life-course and compared trajectories between U.S. born and non-U.S. born populations. Guided by life-course perspectives and utilizing group-based trajectory modeling (GBTM), this article uses four waves of National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) data to describe and contrast longitudinal variations in offending behavior between US born and non-US born individuals. The analyses show that there are fewer offending trajectory groups among the non-U.S. born, and that they generally offend at lower levels across the life-course than do the U.S. born. Further analysis also shows differences between the two groups in factors that shape trajectory group membership.
公眾有時將移民與犯罪和不良行為聯絡在一起，常常假設非美國出生的人比美國本土出生的人更容易犯罪或從事不良行為。然而，至今仍缺乏足夠的研究來探討並比較跨生命週期中的美國出生與非美國出生群體之間的犯罪軌跡。基於生命歷程理論並採用基於群體的軌跡模型（GBTM），本文利用《青少年健康調查》（Add Health） 的四組資料，描述並對比了美國本土出生者與非美國出生者在犯罪行為上的縱向變化。分析結果顯示，非美國出生的人群的犯罪軌跡組較少，而且他們在整個生命週期的犯罪行為通常少於美國出生的人群。進一步的分析還顯示，影響這兩組群體犯罪軌跡組的因素存在差異。
原文連結：
https://link.springer.com/journal/12103/volumes-and-issues