法律翻譯|《英國犯罪學雜誌》第64卷第5期

譯者 | 拜爾娜中山大學

一審 | peipei 布里斯托大學

二審 | 左亦惟康奈爾大學

編輯 | 戴鈺蘭州大學

蘇桐華中科技大學

責編 | 馮雨萱北京大學J.D.&J.M.

The British Journal of Criminology Volume 64, Number 5 | 2024

《英國犯罪學雜誌》第64卷第5期

Child Criminal Exploitation and the Interactional Emergence of Victim Status

兒童犯罪剝削與被害人地位的互動式湧現

Hannah Marshall

This article draws on observations and interviews with youth justice practitioners and young people involved in county lines drug dealing to explore the processes by which young people are identified as victims of child criminal exploitation (CCE). The findings reveal that interpersonal interactions between practitioners and young people, specifically young people’s capacity to share information and accept intended acts of care, are vital in producing their status as CCE victims. Yet, a lack of appreciation for young people’s divergent experiences of these interactions can create barriers to their realization. The article concludes by exploring the implications of these processes for contemporary youth justice practice, and by questioning the utility of CCE victim identification as a response to children experiencing harm.

本文透過對青年司法工作者和參與跨地區毒品交易（county lines drug dealing）的青少年的觀察和訪談，探討了青少年被認定為兒童犯罪剝削（CCE）受害者的過程。調查表明，司法工作者和青少年之間的人際互動，特別是青少年分享資訊和接受關愛行為的意圖的能力，對於他們被認定為CCE受害者至關重要，然而，缺乏對青少年在這些互動中不同經歷的理解或重視，會阻礙認識到這一點。本文最後探討了這些過程對當代青年司法實踐的影響，並質疑將兒童識別為CCE受害者作為應對傷害兒童的有效措施的作用。

Navigating Police Contact: How Situations Shape Police–Youth Relations

應對警察接觸：形勢如何塑造警察與青年的關係

Liridona Gashi

Researchers have increasingly emphasized the dynamics of social situations when investigating, for example, encounters between youth at risk and police officers. Based on numerous field observations of police–youth interactions, this article explores how police–youth relations change during different situations. Using a situational perspective as an interpretive lens, I unpack how the dynamics of police–youth relations are dependent upon: (1) the concrete physical space of the interactions, (2) the audiences present and (3) the emotions that are activated. Typically, street-based interactions with other youth as audiences develop in a different manner to interactions at the police station. More sensitivity to the characteristics of such social situations, I conclude, may prove useful to develop more efficient preventive interventions and policing strategies.

研究者們越來越強調社會情境的動態性，例如在調查處境危險的青少年和警察之間的接觸時。本文基於對警青互動的大量實地觀察，探討了警青關係在不同情境下的變化。使用情境視角作為解釋的透鏡，作者揭示了警青關係的動態性是如何取決於：（1）互動的具體物理空間（2）在場的人員（3）被激發的情緒。通常，作為在場人員的街頭互動與在警局的互動是不同的。作者的結論是，對這種社會情境的特徵更敏感，可能會被證明有助於發展更有效的預防性干預和警務策略。

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Judges as Agents of Coloniality: Understanding the Coloniality of Justice at the Pre-trial Stage in Brazil

作為殖民主義代理人的法官：理解巴西審前階段的殖民性

Omar Phoenix Khan

This paper exposes how colonial ways of knowing and being shape judicial behaviour in Brazil, where pre-trial detention is excessively used against racialised groups. I argue that judges continue to conceptualise and operationalise justice according to colonial logics and thus reveal the coloniality of justice. Drawing on decolonial theory from across South America and from interviews and court observations in Rio de Janeiro, I reveal how judges understand themselves as heroic crime fighters, acting beyond the law in a modern moral crusade. I examine how violence remains a central component of justice and consider how judges deal with the contradiction of neutrality and aggression. I argue that judges, by endorsing or tolerating violence, become agents of coloniality.

本文揭露了殖民主義的認知和行為方式是如何影響巴西的司法行為的，在巴西，審前拘留被過度地用來對付種族化群體。作者認為法官們持續根據殖民主義的邏輯將司法概念化並付諸實踐，從而揭示了司法的殖民性。本文借鑑了南美洲的去殖民主義理論，從採訪和在里約熱內盧的法庭觀察中，作者揭示了法官們是如何將自己理解為英勇的犯罪鬥士、在現代道德聖戰中超越法律而行動的。作者研究了暴力如何仍然是司法的核心組成部分，並思考了法官如何處理中立和侵略的矛盾。作者認為，透過支援或容忍暴力，法官成為殖民主義的代理人。

Colonial Confessions: An Autoethnography of Writing Criminology in the New South Africa

殖民懺悔錄：新南非犯罪學寫作的自傳體民族誌

Bill Dixon

This article is an autoethnographic account of a 20-year engagement with South African criminology. It is written from the perspective of someone from the Global North, a beneficiary of Britain’s colonial past and the present dominance of northern ways of thinking and being. The aim is to encourage other criminologists from a similar background to reflect on their histories and the impact of their work in the present, and to be open to ideas from outside the Euro-American mainstream of the discipline. The evolution of South African criminology, and its gradual adoption of a more southern or decolonial sensibility, is traced in the work of the author and others.

這篇文章是作者20年來致力於南非犯罪學研究的一篇自傳民族誌。這篇文章是從一位來自北方國家（譯者注：全球北方，即發達國家）的人的角度出發，同時也是英國殖民歷史、當前北方思維和存在方式主導地位的受益者。這篇文章的目的是鼓勵來自類似背景的其他犯罪學家反思他們的歷史和他們的工作對當代的影響，並對來自該學科歐美主流之外的思想持開放態度。南非犯罪學的演變，以及它逐漸採用的一種更具南方或非殖民性的意識，在作者和其他人的工作中都有跡可循。

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‘Sedative Coping’, Contextual Maturity and Institutionalization Among Prisoners Serving Life Sentences in England and Wales

“鎮靜應對”，英格蘭和威爾士終身監禁囚犯的語境成熟度和機構化

Ben Crewe

Based on a longitudinal study of life-sentenced prisoners in England and Wales, this article seeks to make sense of what it characterizes as ‘sedative coping’. In doing so, it brings together analytic conclusions from the existing research literature that appear highly inconsistent, but which indicate the centrality of emotion in the experience of serving a long prison sentence. Specifically, it highlights the forms of emotion management and suppression involved in coping with the trauma of such circumstances, and the post-release impact of sustained forms of emotional self-preservation.

This focus helps us better understand the connection between ‘mature coping’ in custody and the post-release difficulties that life-sentenced prisoners often describe.

基於一項對英格蘭和威爾士終身監禁囚犯的縱向研究，這篇文章試圖解釋何為“鎮靜應對”。在此過程中，本文彙集了來自現有研究文獻的分析結論，這些結論看起來高度不一致，但卻表明了長期服刑經歷中情緒的中心地位。具體而言，它強調了情緒管理和抑制的方式，以應對這種情況的創傷，以及持續的情緒自我保護方式在獲釋後的影響。這一焦點幫助我們更好地理解拘留期間的“成熟應對”和被判無期徒刑的囚犯經常描述的獲釋後的困難之間的聯絡。

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Power and Purpose in an Immigration Removal Centre

移民遣送中心的權力和目的

Dominic Aitken

How is power manifest inside an immigration removal centre (IRC), and does the basic function of the institution align with staff’s sense of purpose? Drawing on interviews with employees at Brook House IRC, I argue that power is simultaneously present, absent and elsewhere. Staff acknowledge the presence of power in their ‘immigration prison’, but routinely feel an absence of authority, and note that decisions about immigration cases are made elsewhere. I then analyze how employees speak about the purpose of their work, which they see as providing both security and welfare. I conclude that the twin realities of power and purpose, security and welfare, create a dilemma for staff, IRCs and the liberal state as a whole.

移民遣返中心（IRC）內部的權力是如何體現的？該機構的基本功能是否與工作人員的使命感相一致？根據對布魯克之家移民遣返中心（Brook House IRC）工作人員的採訪，作者為認為權力同時“存在、不存在和在別處”。工作人員承認他們的“移民監獄”中存在權力，但通常會感到權威的缺失，並指出移民案件的判決是在別處做出的。隨後作者分析了工作人員們如何談論他們工作的目的，他們認為工作提供了安全和福利。作者的結論是，權力和目的、安全和福利的雙重現實，造成了工作人員、IRC和整個自由（主義）國家的困境。

Victims, Perpetrators and Bystanders: Atrocity and Its Aftermath in the Films of Jasmila Žbanić

受害者、施暴者和旁觀者：賈斯米拉·日巴尼奇電影中的暴行及其後果

Andy Aydın-Aitchison

The paper excavates ‘implicit criminologies’ concerning victims, perpetrators and bystanders from four films by Bosnian director Jasmila Žbanić: Grbavica (2006); On the path (2010); For those who can tell no tales (2013) and Quo Vadis, Aida? (2020). I argue that in criminological terms, Žbanić’s work is strongest, and has greatest transformative potential, as an example of cinematic victimology. This is produced through characters who simultaneously encapsulate particular (ethnicized) and universal elements in micro-level stories of the individual in a larger social, political and historical context. Focussing on this form of universalism, I question an ethical standard of inclusivity in atrocity cinema which calls for a single film or director to directly represent victims of all ethnic groups.

這篇文章從波斯尼亞導演賈斯米拉·日巴尼奇（Jasmila Žbanić）的四部電影中挖掘了關於受害者、犯罪者和旁觀者的“隱性犯罪學”：《格巴維察》（Grbavica）（2006年）、《在路上》（On the path）（2010年）、《那些無法講述故事的人》（For those who can tell no tales）（2013年）和《你往何處去，艾達？》（Quo Vadis, Aida?）（2020年）。作者認為，從犯罪學的角度來看，日巴尼奇的作品作為電影受害者學的一個例子最為深刻，並且具有最大的變革潛力。這是透過角色在更廣泛的社會、政治和歷史背景下，同時包含特定（民族化）和普遍元素的微觀層面的個人故事來實現的。專注於這種普遍性形式，對於在暴行電影中要求一部單一電影或導演直接代表所有族裔群體受害者的包容性倫理標準，作者提出了質疑。

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The Eyes and Ears of Sexual Exploitation Online: Are Sex Buyers Part of the Prevention Puzzle to Reduce Harms in the Online Sex Industry?

線上性剝削的眼睛和耳朵：性購買者是減少線上性產業傷害預防難題的一部分嗎？

Rachel Keighley and Teela Sanders

UK efforts to prevent modern slavery and sexual exploitation online include assessing Adult Service Websites’ (ASWs) moderation and prevention responsibilities. Yet little is known about the role of sex buyers, as the political rhetoric assumes they are sexual offenders within the neo-abolitionist context (Serughetti 2013). Drawing from a large-scale study looking at ASWs’ responsibilities in preventing sexual exploitation online, this article shares findings from a survey with 142 sex buyers, understanding their role in this arena. Buyers possess detailed knowledge of sex working practices and indicators of exploitation. Thus, as actors in the prevention puzzle, they are uniquely positioned to understand how regulation can assist in crime prevention but equally create unintended consequences for the consensual sex industry online.

英國為防止現代奴隸制和線上性剝削所做的努力包括評估成人服務網站（ASWs）的稽核和預防責任。然而，在新廢奴主義者的語境中，政治言論通常假定性購買者是性犯罪者，關於他們的角色卻鮮為人知（Serughetti 2013）。借鑑一項大規模研究，該研究考察了ASWs在預防線上性剝削方面的責任，本文分享了對142名性購買者進行的調查結果，以瞭解他們在這一領域的角色。性購買者對性工作實踐和剝削指標有著詳細的瞭解。因此，作為預防難題中的行為者，他們處於獨特的地位，能夠理解監管如何有助於預防犯罪，同時也會給線上雙方同意的性產業造成意料之外的後果。

Surveillance Cameras and Resistance: A Case Study of a Middle School in China

監控攝像頭與阻力：一所中國中學的個案研究

Chen Shi and Jianhua Xu

China has rapidly evolved into a surveillance society. While much attention has been paid to describing the leviathan represented by the presence of surveillance cameras in China, empirical evidence on the mechanisms of the creep of surveillance remains limited. Using data collected through fieldwork and in-depth interviews, this study explores the spread of surveillance cameras and the resistance encountered in a middle school in northern China. We find that surveillance cameras were first introduced for security purposes, but their application was quickly expanded to discipline students and avoid responsibilities in school management. We further explore the resistance to the creep made possible by the existence of exempted spaces, the difficulty of self-surveillance, and what might be called the boomerang effect. Through the case study of a middle school, this research sheds light on the formation of the Chinese surveillance society from a bottom-up approach and contributes to the global literature on surveillance creep.

中國正迅速發展成為一個監控社會。儘管人們非常關注描述中國監控攝像頭普及所帶來的巨大影響，但關於監控擴張機制的實證證據仍然有限。利用透過實地考察和深入訪談收集的資料，本研究探討了在中國北方一所中學監控攝像頭的擴張以及遇到的阻力。研究發現，監控攝像頭最初是出於安全目的引入的，但其應用很快就擴充套件到紀律處分學生和學校推卸管理責任上。作者進一步探討了由於存在豁免空間、自我監控的困難以及所謂的“迴旋鏢效應”（譯者注：迴旋效應（boomerang effect）指人們工作的結果與其目的適得其反。）如何促成了對監控擴張的抵制行為。透過對一所中學的案例研究，這項研究從自下而上的方法揭示了中國監控社會的形成，為全球範圍內關於監控擴張的文獻提供了新的視角。

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For Better or Worse? Improving the Response to Domestic Abuse Offenders on Probation

變好還是變壞？——改善對家暴緩刑犯的對策

Nicole Renehan and David Gadd

As the Ministry of Justice looks to develop a ‘new generation’ of programmes to reduce reoffending, we reflect on what can be learnt from the only accredited domestic abuse programme in England and Wales, Building Better Relationships (BBR). Findings from an ethnographic study of BBR are situated within the Probation Inspectorate’s recent inspection of domestic abuse work within the newly unified Probation Service which revealed a fractured and overstretched workforce. Our central argument is that if we are to avoid making matters worse, practitioners must be equipped with the time, supervision and skill needed to maintain something akin to a ‘therapeutic alliance’, that will endure in moments of crisis in their own lives as well as those of their clients.

隨著司法部尋求開發“新一代”的計劃以減少再犯，作者反思了從英格蘭和威爾士唯一經過官方認證的反家暴專案——建立更好的關係（Building Better Relationships，BBR）中可以學到什麼。BBR的民族誌研究結果與最近緩刑監察署對新統一的緩刑服務中家庭暴力工作進行的檢查結合在一起，揭示出一個分裂且過度負荷的工作團隊。作者的核心論點是，如果我們想要避免使情況變得更糟，必須為從業者提供充足的時間、監督和技能，以維持類似於“治療聯盟”的關係，這種關係不僅在客戶的危機時刻能夠經受住考驗，還能在從業者自身的危機中持久存在。

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‘Hazardous on My Soul’: (Dis)compassion and Emotive Dissonance in Prison Work

“對我的靈魂有害”：監獄工作中的同情心和情緒失調

Ethan M Higgins and others

A history of social research has aimed to illuminate consequences for the psyche of workers that carry out occupations in dehumanizing contexts. In criminology, scholarship has detailed concern over how carceral contexts produce detriment via emotional labour for workers. Although prison work has been shown to necessitate emotional suppression, studies also find workers can bear intimacy for the incarcerated. We contribute to the prison scholarship by illustrating these emotive paradoxes that represent dissonance for staff. We draw from 18 focus groups of staff, to examine how emotive dissonance manifests from contradictory feeling rules in prison work. We explore emotive disharmony among the workgroup that comes from opposing feeling rules, and, we explore how workers experience with emotive dissonance manifests as emotional estrangement. Our findings help contemplate the implications of navigating emotion within dehumanizing contexts and illustrate that how staff treat the incarcerated has implications for their own sense of humanity.

社會研究的歷史旨在闡明在不人道環境中工作的工人心理所承受的後果。在犯罪學中，學術研究則詳細描述了監禁環境如何透過情感勞動對工人產生損害。儘管研究表明監獄工作需要情感壓抑，但研究也發現工人可以對被監禁者產生親密感。作者透過揭示代表員工共鳴的這些情感悖論，為監獄學術研究做出貢獻。作者從18個員工焦點小組中汲取經驗，以檢查監獄工作中矛盾的情感規則如何表現為情感失調。作者探索了工作組中因對立的情感規則而產生的情感動亂，並且探索了工人如何體驗表現為情感疏遠的情感失調。本文的發現有助於思考在不人道環境中駕馭情感的影響，並說明員工對待被監禁者的方式對他們自己的人性感知有一定影響。