譯者 | 王新雨 北京師範大學
一審 | 劉 寅 UCLA
二審 | 趙文磊 BU
編輯 | 張程琳 蘭州財經大學
扎恩哈爾 新疆農業大學
責編 | 馬語謙 武漢理工大學
American Journal of Criminal Justice Volume48, Issue4 | 2023
《美國刑事司法雜誌》第48卷第4期
1
Direct and Indirect Effects of Parental Influence on the Relation Between Violent Offending and Mental Health Problems
父母影響在暴力犯罪與心理健康問題之間關係中的直接和間接效應
Jihoon Kim, Lindsay Leban, Yeungjeom Lee & Jessica Craig
Research has suggested that involvement in offending can contribute to subsequent mental health problems, although the processes through which offending influences adverse mental health remain unclear. Recognizing the need to evaluate intervening factors in this relationship, we focus on the potential mediating role of parenting in the link between offending and mental health problems. Drawing on a sample of serious adolescent offenders from the Pathways to Desistance Study, we test the direct and indirect effects of several dimensions of parenting (hostility, warmth, knowledge, and monitoring) in the relationship between violent offending and mental health problems. Results from multiple mediation models show that violent offending influences mental health problems directly as well as indirectly through parental hostility. Findings suggest that the erosion of social bonds, particularly with parents, may play an important role in understanding the link between offending and mental health problems. In addition, our findings emphasize the potential value of strengthening parent-child relationships in efforts to reduce reoffending.
過往研究表明，參與犯罪活動會導致後續的心理健康問題但犯罪活動影響不良心理健康的具體過程仍不清晰。筆者認為有必要評估這一關係中的干預因素，因此本團隊聚焦於父母的養育行為在聯絡暴力犯罪和心理健康問題上的潛在中介作用。本團隊利用 “脫罪之路研究”（Pathways to Desistance Study）中的青少年重犯樣本，測試了養育行為的幾個方面（敵意、溫暖、知識和監督）對暴力犯罪和心理健康問題之間關係的直接和間接影響。多箇中介模型的結果表明，暴力犯罪會透過父母的敵意直接或間接影響心理健康問題。研究結果表明，理解犯罪與心理健康問題之間聯絡時，社會紐帶（尤其是與父母的紐帶）的削弱是重要的考量因素。此外，本團隊研究還強調了鞏固親子關係對減少再犯的潛在價值。
2
Differentiating Insider and Outsider Cyberattacks on Businesses
來自企業內部和外部的網路攻擊之區分
Thomas E. Dearden, Katalin Parti, James Hawdon, Randy Gainey, Tancy Vandecar-Burdin & Jay Albanese
The use of information and communication technologies in business has opened several new ways for employees to commit cybercrimes against their employers. Utilizing opportunity theory, the current paper investigates the characteristics of businesses victimized by employee-committed cyberattacks and compares insider- and outsider-committed cybercrime in terms of the damage they cause to the business. We used online sampling to obtain information on 350 businesses in the Commonwealth of Virginia, revealing 29 outsider cases and 17 insider attacks that were clearly identified. We found that insider attacks were more costly, resulting in more damage than external attacks; the most frequent attack type was impersonating the organization online for insiders, and viruses, spyware, and malware for outsiders. Our data suggested restricting personal devices, making cybersecurity a priority, cybersecurity updates among management, and employee training do not significantly lessen the risk or mitigate the effects of insider attacks. We suggest that organizational security culture must be refined and strengthened to identify and prevent insider attacks successfully.
資訊和通訊技術在企業中的應用為員工對僱主實施網路犯罪開闢了多種新途徑。本文利用機會理論（opportunity theory），調查了因員工實施網路攻擊而受害的企業的特徵，並比較了內部人員和外部人員實施的網路犯罪對企業造成的損害。我們透過線上抽樣獲取了弗吉尼亞州350家企業的資訊，發現了確定的29起外部攻擊案件和17起內部攻擊案件。我們發現，與外部攻擊相比，內部攻擊的成本更高，造成的損失更大；從攻擊型別上看，內部攻擊最常見的是在網路上冒充組織，而外部人員的則是病毒、間諜軟體和惡意軟體。我們的資料表明，限制使用個人裝置、把網路安全置於優先位置、管理層的網路安全更新、以及員工培訓的措施並不能顯著降低內部攻擊的風險或減輕其影響。我們建議，為了成功識別和避免內部攻擊，應當完善和加強組織安全文化。
（圖片源自網路）
3
Faculty Mentoring: Experiences with and Considerations for a College-Based Model
教師指導：基於學院模式的經驗和考慮
Ashley G. Blackburn
This article focuses on models of faculty mentoring and how these have been implemented at the college-level. As most mentoring, especially of tenure-track faculty members, occurs at the university-, department-, or program-level, there are special considerations for mentoring programs at the college-level where one must consider the interdisciplinary nature of mentorship. Experiences from a recently implemented college-level tenure-track faculty mentoring pilot program are discussed. This article specifically focuses on the pilot program’s development and implementation. The benefits and challenges of mentoring are discussed as well as recent developments in the discipline of criminology and criminal justice regarding mentorship to engage and support faculty as they move through the tenure-track and beyond.
本文聚焦於教師指導模式，以及這些模式是如何在學院層面實施的。由於大多數指導（特別是終身教職教師的指導）都發生在大學、院系或專案層面，故在大學層面的指導專案中，需要特別考慮其跨學科的性質。本文介紹了一項最近實施的學院級別的終身制教師指導試點專案的經驗。本文特別聚焦於試點專案的開發和實施。本文還討論了教師指導的優勢與挑戰，以及犯罪學和刑事司法學科在指導方面的最新發展，從而吸引和支援教師獲得終身教職並走得更遠。
4
What About the kids? A Multimethod Approach to Understanding Law Enforcement
孩子們怎麼辦？多途徑研究正規化下的佛羅里達州兒童逮捕執法政策理解
PoliciesPertaining to the Arrest of Children in Florida
Abigail Novak & Vitoria De Francisco Lopes
This study used a multimethod approach to examine the presence, content, and outcomes of law enforcement policies regarding the arrest of children in Florida, a state lacking a minimum age for juvenile court jurisdiction. Policies were found to be rare, and located predominantly in larger agencies and agencies serving larger populations. Content analyses indicated policies also allowed for substantial discretion among officers and supervisors. According to results of propensity score models, implementation of state-level policies providing minimum ages for juvenile court jurisdiction may be necessary to reduce childhood justice system contact and involvement. In the absence of state-level policies, law enforcement agencies should adopt and implement restrictive, clear policies regarding arrests involving children and provide training on child development and its effects on culpability, competence, and suitability for justice system referral to better prepare officers for arrest scenarios involving children.
佛羅里達州沒有規定青少年法庭管轄的最低年齡，本研究使用了多途徑的研究方法考察了該州有關逮捕兒童的執法政策的存在情況、內容和結果。研究發現，相關政策是很少見的，並且主要存在於規模較大的機構和服務人口較多的機構中。內容分析顯示，相關政策還允許執法人員和主管人員有很大的自由裁量權。根據傾向評分模型的結果，要減少童年時期就接觸和被捲入司法系統，可能需要透過州一級的政策就規定少年法庭管轄權的最低年齡。在州一級政策缺失的情況下，執法機構應當對涉及兒童的逮捕行動適用並實施有限制的、明確的政策，並對執法人員提供相關培訓，包括有關兒童發展的培訓以及這種發展對罪責、行為能力和司法轉介適宜性的影響的培訓，從而使他們更好地應對涉及兒童的逮捕情景。
5
The Impact of COVID-19 on Sentencing Practices
新冠疫情對量刑實踐的影響
Jordan Zvonkovich, Matthew Kleiman, Rhys Hester & C. Clare Strange
The COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted court operations across the country. In March and April of 2020 “business-as-usual” was upended and the entire court system was forced to respond in an unprecedented way. Using Pennsylvania Commission on Sentencing data, we explore the impact that COVID-19 had on sentencing outcomes. Three distinct periods: pre-COVID-19, the onset of COVID-19 during which an emergency judicial order limited court operations, and a period after the order was lifted are defined to compare trends and assess differences. Utilizing the natural experiment created by the pandemic we present a descriptive and multivariate analysis of sentencing practices focused on racial disparities. The paper employs two theoretical frameworks (focal concerns and the liberation hypothesis) to motivate competing expectations regarding sentencing behavior and disparities.
新冠疫情嚴重影響了全國各地法院的運作。2020年3月和4月，“一切照舊 ”的局面被打破，整個法院系統被迫用前所未有的方式進行應對。利用賓夕法尼亞州量刑委員會的資料，我們探討了新冠疫情對量刑結果的影響。為了對比趨勢和評估差異，我們定義了三個不同的時期：新冠疫情發生前、新冠疫情爆發後緊急司法命令限制了法院運作的時期，以及命令解除後的一段時期。利用流行病帶來的自然實驗，我們對量刑實踐進行了描述性和多變數分析，重點關注種族差異。本文采用了兩個理論框架（焦點關注和解放假說）來調動對量刑行為和種族差異的不同預期。
6
Development and Evaluation of the Trauma Bonding Scale for Adults© in the Context of Sex Trafficking
性販運背景下《成人創傷聯結量表©》的開發和評估
Joan A. Reid
The devastating impacts of trauma bonding on survivors of sex trafficking have been repeatedly observed by researchers and practitioners alike. Trauma bonding hinders survivors from exiting exploitive environments and facilitates a toxic cycle of repeated exploitation. Despite empirical evidence of trauma bonding among survivors of sex trafficking, no measure of trauma bonding in the context of sex trafficking has been developed or evaluated. Given this need, the current study develops and evaluates a measure of trauma bonding for young adults in the context of sex trafficking. The study involved item development and modification, pretesting of the items, survey administration, scale development using exploratory factor analysis, and lastly, scale evaluation using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling. Analysis of the survey data from 619 young adults indicated that the Trauma Bonding Scale for Adults© is a harmonious measure of trauma bonding with strong internal consistency and concurrent criterion validity. Implications related to scale use by researchers and clinicians are discussed.
研究人員和從業人員都反覆觀察到創傷聯結對性販運倖存者的破壞性影響。創傷聯結阻礙倖存者從剝削環境中脫離出來，助長了重複剝削的惡性迴圈。儘管有實證證據表明性販運倖存者之間存在創傷聯絡，但目前還沒有針對性交易背景下創傷聯結的測量方法，也沒有對其進行評估。基於這種需要，本研究開發並評估了一種性販運背景下年輕成年人創傷聯結的測量方法。研究包括專案開發和修改、專案預試、調查實施、使用探索性因子分析進行量表開發，最後使用確認性因素分析和結構方程模型進行量表評估。這項對619名年輕成年人的調查資料進行的分析表明，成人創傷聯結量表（Trauma Bonding Scale for Adults©）是一種和諧的創傷聯結測量方法，具有很強的內部一致性和併發標準效度。本文討論了研究人員和臨床醫生使用該量表的意義。
（圖片源自網路）
7
“A Panel of Good ol’ Boys”: Women Navigating the Police Promotions Process
“老哥們”：女性在警察晉升過程中艱難穿
Natalie Todak
Women are significantly underrepresented among police supervisors, middle managers, and leaders in the United States. To investigate this problem, the current study examines challenges faced by women officers as they pursue promotions. Narrative data from 226 women who earned promotions in U.S. policing are analyzed using a content analysis of responses to an open-ended survey question. Emergent themes reflected gender bias within the promotions process and, more broadly, in the organizational culture of participants’ agencies that impact promotions. Findings support the characterization of policing as a gendered occupation with a culture that views and supports men as more competent leaders.
在美國，女性在警察主管、中層管理人員和領導中的比例明顯偏低。為了研究這一問題，本研究探討了女性警官在追求晉升過程中面臨的挑戰。本研究根據226名在美國警務工作中獲得晉升的女性的敘述性資料，對開放式問題的回答進行了內容分析。其中出現的主題反映了晉升過程中的性別偏見，更廣泛地說，反映了參與者所在機構的組織文化對晉升的影響。研究結果支援把警務工作描述為一種性別化職業的觀點，其文化把男性視為更稱職的領導者，並對他們提供更多支援。
8
Student-Athlete Male-Perpetrated Sexual Assault Against Men: Racial Disparities in Perceptions of Culpability and Punitiveness
男性學生運動員對男性的性侵：罪責感和懲罰性認知中的種族差
Ráchael A. Powers, Vanessa Centelles & Javon Williams
Racial disparities in perceptions of sexual assault incidents have largely focused on male-perpetrated violence against women. However, in some contexts such as college sports, sexual victimization of men may disproportionately impact racial minorities. Therefore, it is necessary to examine sexual assault in these contexts. Using a 2 × 2 factorial survey experimental design with vignettes pertaining to a collegiate athlete sexual assault scenario involving two male student-athletes, we examined perceptions of (1) racial differences in offender motivation, (2) racial differences in victim culpability, and (3) racial differences in preferred sanctions. Compared to the White-White scenario, participants in the Black-Black scenario perceived the perpetrator to be less motivated by power and control or mental health/bad upbringing. Black victims of White-perpetrated sexual assault were perceived as more able to offer physical resistance and therefore partially culpable for the incident. Finally, participants were more punitive for the scenarios involving Black offenders, especially when the victim was White. Participants were harsher in their preferences for both university sanctions and criminal justice sanctions, with the Black-White scenario producing a greater likelihood of recommending expulsion and incarceration. We discuss the implications of our findings for understanding racial disparities in sexual assault generally, as well as for college student-athlete contexts.
對性侵犯事件認知上的種族差異主要集中在男性對女性實施的暴力行為上。然而，在某些情況下，例如在大學體育運動中，男性遭受的性侵害可能會對少數種族造成不合比例的影響。因此，有必要對這些情況下的性侵犯進行研究。我們採用了2×2的因素調查實驗，透過一個涉及兩名男學生運動員性侵情景的小案例，研究了對以下方面的認知：（1）罪犯動機的種族差異；（2）受害者罪責的種族差異；以及（3）首選制裁方式的種族差異。參與者認為，與白人-白人情境相比，權力、控制或心理健康和不良教養在黑人-黑人情境中作為犯罪動機的可能性較低。犯罪者是白人的黑人受害者被認為更有能力進行身體抵抗，因此對事件負有部分責任。最後，參與者對涉及黑人犯罪者的情景的懲罰性更強，尤其是當受害者是白人時。參與者都傾向於使用更為嚴厲的校方處罰和刑事司法處罰，其中黑人-白人情景更有可能被建議開除和監禁。我們討論了這些研究結果對理解性侵犯中的種族差異以及大學生運動員情景的影響。
9
There’s No Place Like Home: Importance of Housing Stability for Reentry
無處如家：穩定居所對重返社會的重要性
Beverly Reece & Tanja Link
Research suggests a number of barriers to successful reentry for justice-involved individuals, even after a short period of detention in jail. The challenges are well-documented, with housing being one of the most salient needs returning citizens face (Lutze et al., 2014; O’Brien, 2001; Roman and Travis, 2004). Estimates of housing instability and homelessness vary widely (Metraux & Culhane, 2006; Schlay & Rossi, 1992) as those incarcerated and those who are homeless are considered “hard-to-reach” populations (Umamaheswar, 2018). This is important as housing instability can have direct consequences for reoffending behavior, and stable housing has been shown to reduce recidivism (Bobashev et al., 2009; Lutze et al., 2014; Metraux & Culhane, 2004; Steiner et al., 2015). The current study employs a unique sample of male and female inmates in a jail reentry program to examine the prevalence of housing instability and the circumstances that led to said housing issues. This study fills a gap in the previous literature by making a distinction among those who are more stably housed, precariously housed, and literally homeless. We discuss the consequences of housing instability as well as important policy implications for this population.
研究表明，即使僅僅經過短暫的拘留，參與過司法活動的人在重返社會的過程中也會遇到許多障礙。這些障礙已被充分地記錄下來，其中，住房問題是重返社會的公民面臨的最突出需求之一（Lutze等人，2014年；O'Brien，2001年；Roman和Travis，2004年）。由於被監禁的人和無家可歸的人被認為是“難以接觸”的群體（Umamaheswar，2018年），因此對住房不穩定性和無家可歸的評估結果有很大差異（Metraux & Culhane，2006年；Schlay & Rossi，1992年）。這一點非常重要，因為住房不穩定會直接影響再犯行為的產生，而穩定的住房已被證明可以減少再犯罪率（Bobashev等人，2009年；Lutze等人，2014年；Metraux & Culhane，2004年；Steiner等人，2015年）。本研究採用了一個獨特的樣本，即一個監獄重返社會專案中的男女囚犯，來研究住房不穩定的普遍性以及導致這些問題的具體情況。本研究填補了以往文獻中的空白，區分了住房較為穩定者、住房不穩定者和真正無家可歸者。我們討論了住房不穩定的後果以及重要政策對這一人群的影響。
10
Comparing the Risk Factors of Youth Detained for Running Away or Commercial Sexual Exploitation to more Serious Youth Offenders
因離家出走或遭受商業性剝削而被拘留的青少年與其他更嚴重青少年罪犯的風險因素比較
Calli M. Cain
Commercial sexual exploitation (CSE) of minors is a major social justice concern in the U.S. and youth who run away from their home or placement are at an increased risk of experiencing CSE. Runaway youth have higher rates of prior victimization, substance abuse, depression, suicidal behavior, and problems at school compared to youth who do not run away. When youth run away repeatedly, youth may end up arrested and detained for this status offense. Detaining runaway youth and those who are CSE victims can be detrimental to their health and well-being, in addition to being against federal laws.
在美國，對未成年人的商業性剝削（CSE）是一個重大的社會司法問題，而從家中或安置地點離家出走的青少年則有更高的風險經歷CSE。與沒有離家出走的青少年相比，離家出走的青少年有更高比例的受害前科、藥物濫用、抑鬱、自殺行為和學業問題。如果青少年多次離家出走，最終可能會因這種身份違法行為而被逮捕和拘留。拘留離家出走的青少年和CSE受害者可能會損害他們的健康和福祉，這種拘留同時也是違反聯邦法律的行為。
（圖片源自網路）
However, it is unknown whether runaway youth and CSE victims, when compared to other juvenile delinquents, present unique risk factors when they enter the juvenile justice system. Using a nationally representative sample of justice-involved youth, this study examines the risk factors of youth who are detained for running away or CSE victimization. This paper then compares these youth whose most serious offense is running away or “prostitution” to the characteristics of youth detained for more serious offenses. Comparing the characteristics of youth incarcerated for running away or CSE victimization to other incarcerated youth has not yet been done with a nationally representative sample. This study finds significant differences in many of the characteristics among runaway and sexually exploited youth who are detained, compared to youth incarcerated for more serious offenses. Policy and programs recommendations are given to reflect of the unique needs of these vulnerable youth.
然而，與其他青少年犯罪相比，離家出走的青少年和CSE受害者在進入青少年司法系統時是否具有特殊的風險因素，目前還不得而知。本文使用了一些在全國具有代表性的涉法青少年樣本，對因離家出走或因CSE受害而被拘留的青少年的風險因素進行了研究。然後，本文將這些最嚴重的罪行即為離家出走或“賣淫”的青少年與因更嚴重罪行而被拘留的青少年進行比較。之前對這兩類青少年的對比尚未在具有全國代表性的樣本中進行過。本研究發現，與因更嚴重罪行而被監禁的青少年相比，離家出走和遭受性剝削的被監禁青少年在許多特徵上都存在顯著差異。為了反映這些弱勢青少年的獨特需求，本文給出了一些政策和專案建議。
原文連結：
https://link.springer.com/journal/12103/volumes-and-issues/48-4