法律翻譯｜《英國犯罪學雜誌》第64卷第2期

譯者 | 王新雨北京師範大學法學本科

一審 | 李正茂香港大學普通法學碩士

二審 | 鄧雅元復旦大學法學學士

編輯 | 劉曉鈴西南財經大學法學碩士

扎恩哈爾新疆農業大學法學本科

責編 | 馬語謙武漢理工大學法學本科

The British Journal of Criminology Volume 64, Issue 2 | 2024

《英國犯罪學雜誌》第64卷第2期

Confronting intergenerational harm: Care experience, motherhood and criminal justice involvement

直面代際傷害：照護經歷、母親身份和刑事司法的牽連

Claire Fitzpatrick, Katie Hunter, Julie Shaw,

Jo Staines

Prior research highlights how criminalized mothers may be particularly at risk of negative judgements, but little work to date explores how criminalisation, care experience and motherhood may intersect to produce multi-faceted structural disadvantage within both systems of care and punishment.

先前的研究聚焦於被定罪的母親們可能特別容易得到的負面評價，但迄今為止，很少有研究探討定罪、照護經歷和母親身份如何相互交織和影響，從而導致在照護體系和懲罰體系中產生的結構性的多方面不利因素。

This paper attends to this knowledge gap, drawing on interviews with imprisoned women who have been in care (e.g. foster care or children’s homes), care-experienced girls and young women in the community, and professionals who work with them. Key findings include: a desire to break cycles of intergenerational stigma and social care involvement; lack of support and a fear of asking for help, and the care-less approach to pregnancy and motherhood that may be faced in prison and beyond.

本文針對這一領域的空白，訪談了曾在照護體系（如寄養或兒童之家）中生活過的的在押女性、在社群中有照護經歷的女孩和年輕女性，以及與她們合作的專業人士。本研究的主要發現圍繞：渴望打破代際汙名和社會照護參與的迴圈；缺乏支援且畏懼尋求幫助，以及在監獄內外並不完善的對懷孕女性和母親的照護和支援。

Rescuing women from the brinks of whiteness: Carceral restoration in a human trafficking court

拯救處在白人邊緣的女性：人口販賣法庭中的監禁恢復政策

Rashmee Singh

Research on gender-specific penal reform programs critique their failure to prioritize the socio-economic recovery of criminalized women. This paper draws on these insights to examine the Women’s Refuge Court (WRC), a human trafficking court for adult women criminalized for prostitution and drug offences in Ohio. Using ethnographic research, I illustrate the WRC’s rejection of bootstrapping and emphasis on material resourcing as a penal reform strategy.

針對特定性別的刑罰改革計劃被一些研究批評。研究者認為，這些計劃未能優先考慮參與過刑事犯罪的婦女的社會經濟恢復問題。本文借鑑了這些觀點，研究了婦女庇護法庭（WRC）——俄亥俄州的一個專門為因賣淫和毒品犯罪而被定罪的成年婦女設立的人口販賣法庭。透過民族誌研究，本文說明了婦女庇護法庭的刑法改革策略，即反對讓婦女自力更生，而是強調給予她們物質支援。

I argue that the WRC’s prioritization of socio-economic recovery derives from fears over the status decline of the impoverished white women who predominate as defendants. Court officials rely on evangelical Christian imaginings of prostitution as ‘modern day slavery’ to frame participants as ‘trafficking victims’. I identify the WRC’s response as a racially specific form of gender responsive programming called carceral restoration.

本文認為，婦女庇護法庭之所以優先考慮社會經濟恢復的問題，是因為擔心多數被告——貧困白人女性——的地位下降。法院工作人員依照基督教福音派的想象，認為賣淫是 “現代奴隸制”，將參與者定性為 “販賣的受害者”。本文認為婦女庇護法庭的應對措施是一種針對特定種族的性別應對措施，本文將這種措施稱為“監禁恢復政策”（carceral restoration）。

Relational Police Work: How Police Officers Work With, On and Through ‘Personal Relationships’ in a Danish Gang Exit Programme

警察的關係工作：警察如何透過發展“個人關係”展開丹麥的幫派退出工作

Mette-Louise E Johansen

This article examines how police-assisted gang desistance in Denmark is run on the backdrop of a particular kind of ‘relational work’ that focuses on relationships as the basis for change. The analysis is based on ethnographic fieldwork and interviews conducted in 2020 with police officers, social workers and gang defectors attached to the city of Aarhus Exit Unit, part of Denmark’s national gang exit programme.

這篇文章探討了在丹麥，由警察協助的幫派退出工作是如何以一種特殊的“關係工作”為背景開展的，這種“關係工作”注重將“關係”本身當作改變的基礎。本文的分析是基於一項2020年實施的的田野調查和訪談，該專案面向丹麥國家幫派退出計劃的一部分，即奧胡斯市退出小組中的警察、社會工作者和幫派叛逃者進行。

The Exit Unit’s relational work consisted of creating close, personal relationships with defectors, which could serve as a vehicle for interventions into the defectors’ relationships with gangs, family, friends and neighbourhoods. This relational work was highly ambiguous; it entailed dual practices of correctional control and help to reposition defectors in-between criminal and non-criminal social worlds.

退出小組的關係工作包括與退出者建立密切的個人關係，並以此為載體對退出者與幫派、家庭、朋友和鄰里的關係進行干預。這種關係工作是非常模糊的，它需要採取雙重工作，既要進行矯治工作，又要幫助退出者在犯罪和非犯罪的社會中重新找到自己的位置。

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Does Policing Help or Hurt? Examining the Longitudinal Relationship Between Police Involvement and Delinquency in Norway

警察的工作提供幫助還是帶來傷害？檢視挪威的警察介入和犯罪行為之間的縱向關係

Synøve Nygaard Anderse

The population heterogeneity argument links criminality to time-stable individual traits and suggests that criminal justice system involvements exert no independent influence on criminal behaviour. This study directly tests this postulation by estimating the relationship between police involvement and subsequent delinquency in an individual fixed effects design. The analysis relies on five waves of longitudinal data on self-reported delinquency and administrative data on police contacts.

人口異質性理論將犯罪行為與不會變化的個人特徵聯絡起來，並認為刑事司法系統的介入對犯罪行為並無獨立影響。本研究採用個人固定效應設計，估算了警察介入與後續犯罪行為之間的關係，從而直接驗證了這一假設。本研究的分析基於五組自我報告的違法資料和與警察行政接觸的縱向資料。

Results show that time-stable individual traits matter, but that the frequency of police contacts is positively associated with offending also after such characteristics have been accounted for. The results are thus in line with the state dependence argument and provide tentative support for labelling theory’s postulation that criminal justice involvement increases rather than decreases criminal behaviour.

結果表明，保持穩定的個人特徵非常重要，但在考慮了這些特徵之後，與警察接觸的頻率仍與犯罪行為的發生呈現正相關。因此，這些結果符合狀態依賴論的觀點，並初步支援了標籤理論的假設，即刑事司法介入會增加而不是減少犯罪行為。

Illegal Market Governance and Organized Crime Groups’ Resilience: A Study of The Sinaloa Cartel

非法市場的治理和有組織犯罪集團的生命力：錫那羅亞販毒集團的研究

Valentin Pereda, David Décary-Hetu

Since its emergence in the early 1990s, the Sinaloa Cartel has effectively surmounted all challenges to its existence, while, simultaneously, successfully developing its illegal ventures in Mexico and beyond. Based on evidence from the accounts of witnesses who testified in the prosecution of Joaquin Guzmán Loera (also known as El Chapo), one of the Sinaloa Cartel’s most prominent figures, we argue that this OCG’s resilience partially derives from the illegal governance practices it has implemented in the criminal markets in which it operates. In particular, we contend that the Sinaloa Cartel’s reliance on four types of illegal governance have been pivotal in promoting its capacity to weather adversity, namely: (1) judicial, (2) financial, (3) political and (4) regulatory governance.

自其在20世紀90年代早期出現以來，錫那羅亞販毒集團（Sinaloa Cartel）有效地克服了所有生存挑戰，同時成功地在墨西哥內外發展了他的非法企業。根據在起訴錫那羅亞集團的最重要人物之一華金·古斯曼·洛埃拉（Joaquin Guzmán Loera，又稱埃爾·查波（El Chapo））一案中的證人證言，本文認為，該犯罪集團的頑強生命力部分源於其在所經營的犯罪市場中實施的非法治理措施。特別是，本文認為錫那羅亞集團對四種非法治理方式的依賴在提高其抵禦逆境的能力上發揮了關鍵作用。這四種治理方式分別是司法、金融、政治和監管。

Judicial indifference in criminal sentencing: Explaining inequality of the Thai Fines

司法量刑中的無動於衷：解釋泰國罰款中的不平等

Thanyanuch Tantikul

Courts in many jurisdictions remain indifferent to criticisms for their overly harsh or unequal treatments. There has been a debate whether this is attributed to judges’ individual dispositions or rather their environments. This article contributes to this debate by offering evidence from Thai courts about their indifference to inequality generated by the wealth-insensitive fine and fine-default custody.

許多法院對批評他們過於嚴厲或提供的待遇不平等的聲音仍然無動於衷。這究竟是由於法官的個人傾向，還是由於他們所處的環境仍然存在爭議。本文為這一爭議提供了源自泰國法院的證據。該法院存在兩方面的不平等現象，分別是在罰款時不考慮個人的財富狀況和在未能如期繳納罰款時使用監禁，但法院對這些行為造成的不平等無動於衷。

It argues that judges are situationally driven to adopt rigid framing about justice when performing duties, as a result of which judges develop indifference to the ‘side-effects’ of their frame-influenced decisions. The findings imply the possibility that the same mechanisms may exist in other jurisdictions and underline the need to address indifference to prevent failure in reforming for a more egalitarian system.

文章認為，法官在履行職責時會受到情境的驅使，採用僵化的司法框架，進而並不關心受這種框架影響的決定的“副作用”。研究結果表明，其他的司法管轄區也可能存在同樣的機制，並強調解決這一“無動於衷”問題及建立更加平等制度的重要性。

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Decomposing Neighbourhood (In) Stability: The Structural Determinants of Turnover and Implications for Neighbourhood Crime

拆解社群的（不）穩定性：人員流動的結構性因素及其對社群中犯罪的影響

Seth A Williams

While the human ecological model views neighbourhood instability as a function of household-level decisions, the present study draws on a political economy of place perspective to highlight how the profit-seeking interests of outside actors shapes instability, with consequences for neighbourhood crime.

人類生態模型認為社群的不穩定性是家庭層面決策的一個影響因素，但本研究則從地方視角的政治經濟學出發，強調追逐利益的外部參與者對不穩定性的影響，以及其對該社群中犯罪的影響。

Using data on neighbourhoods in Los Angeles County from 2007 to 2013, I decompose levels of stability according to housing dynamics (displacement, development, changing rents, sales, low-income units), and assess their direct and indirect association with violent and property crime. I find that, over a 7-year period, poorer neighbourhoods are more vulnerable to these exchange-value pressures, stability is more consequential to crime in high-poverty neighbourhoods, and certain housing dynamics are associated with increasing crime through their detrimental effect on renter stability.

利用洛杉磯縣2007年至2013年的社群資料，本文根據住房動態（搬遷、開發、租金變化、銷售、低收入單位）拆解了不同水平的穩定性，並評估了它們與暴力犯罪和財產犯罪的直接和間接聯絡。本文發現，在7年的時間段內，貧困社群更容易受到這些交換價值壓力的影響，在嚴重貧困社群，穩定性對犯罪的影響更大，某些住房動態影響租房者的穩定性，從而與犯罪的增加相關聯。

How Priority Ordering of Offence Codes Undercounts Gendered Violence: An Analysis of the Crime Survey for England and Wales

對不同罪行的排序是如何低估性別暴力的：對英格蘭和威爾士犯罪調查的分析

Merili Pullerits, Jessica Phoenix

The Offence Classification System (OCS) of the Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW) applies a priority order of offences that undercounts violence. By prioritizing burglary and criminal damage above some types of assault, physical violence that co-occurs with property crimes is discounted from official counts of incidents and victims of violence.

英格蘭和威爾士犯罪調查（CSEW）的犯罪分類系統（OCS）採用了一種對犯罪的優先排序，這種排序導致暴力犯罪的統計數量被低估。由於入室盜竊和刑事損害被置於某些型別的侵犯之上，與財產犯罪同時發生的身體暴力在官方的暴力事件和受害者統計中被剔除。

Analyzing CSEW data from 2010/11 to 2019/20, we find the OCS omits approximately 210,000 incidents of violence every year. Out of these incidents, 51 per cent are domestic violence against women, contributing further evidence to the CSEW’s gendered data gap. Socioeconomically disadvantaged victims are also disproportionately undercounted. Whilst prior research has highlighted the undercounting of violence prevalence and repetition in the CSEW, the OCS undercounts the concurrency of violence

透過分析2010、2011年至2019、2020年的CSEW資料，本文發現OCS每年約遺漏21萬起暴力事件。在這些事件中，51%是針對婦女的家庭暴力，這進一步證明了CSEW在性別資料上存在缺口。社會經濟地位較低的受害者數量也被不成比例地嚴重低估。儘管先前的研究已經強調了CSEW在暴力普遍性和重複性統計上的不足，但OCS對暴力的併發性也存在低估。

Intersectional Making of the ‘Sri Lankan Case’: The Racialization of Domestic Violence in the Swiss Police Force

“斯里蘭卡案件”的交叉建構：瑞士警方的家庭暴力種族化問題

Faten Khazaei

This article uses an intersectional lens to ethnographically analyze police treatment of domestic violence in Switzerland. The analysis suggests three interlinked explanatory factors to understand the differential treatment of domestic violence for white Swiss/European nationals on the one hand, and racialized non-European migrants on the other.

本文采用交叉視角，用民族誌方法分析了瑞士警方對家庭暴力的處理。分析提出了三個相互關聯的解釋性因素來理解對瑞士/歐洲白人國民家庭和對種族化的非歐洲移民家庭中的暴力行為的差異化處理。

These factors are (1) prevailing generalized representations of the racialization of violence against women in Switzerland, (2) the police professional logic used to categorize sections of the public, and (3) the specific police institutional memory of two emblematic cases of domestic violence involving families of Sri Lankan nationality. The article discusses the implications of this differential treatment not only for racialized non-Europeans but also for Swiss and white European women subjected to domestic violence.

這些因素是：（1）瑞士普遍存在的針對婦女的暴力種族化情況；（2）警方對部分公眾進行分類的職業推理；（3）特定的警察機構對兩起斯里蘭卡籍家庭的典型家庭暴力案件的記憶。文章討論了這種區別對待不僅對種族化的非歐洲人產生影響，而且對遭受家庭暴力的瑞士和歐洲白人女性產生影響。

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The Assassination Cases of Madan Lal Dhingra, 1909 and Udham Singh, 1940 as Social Drama

1909年馬丹·拉爾·丁格拉暗殺案和1940年烏德姆·辛格暗殺案：作為社會戲劇的解讀

Lizzie Seal, Alexa Neale

There were two Indian nationalist assassinations in London in the twentieth century: Sir William Curzon Wyllie by Madan Lal Dhingra in 1909 and Sir Michael O’Dwyer by Udham Singh in 1940. We read these assassinations as social dramas during which shifting meanings of British imperialism were articulated, contested and reinforced.

20世紀的倫敦發生了兩起印度民族主義者暗殺事件：1909年發生的馬丹·拉爾·丁格拉刺殺威廉·柯宗·懷利爵士事件和1940年的烏德姆·辛格刺殺邁克爾·奧德懷爾爵士事件。本文將這些暗殺事件解讀為發生於某一特定時期的社會戲劇。在此期間，英帝國主義不斷變化的含義得到了闡述、爭論和強化。

We compare the cases to examine how Dhingra and Singh’s insistence on the iniquity of colonial violence contested dominant narratives of the British Empire as benign. Capital trials offered Dhingra and Singh the chance to state their views on a public stage. The final act of these social dramas was the death penalty, a measure intended to restore order, but which also posed the risk of turning them into martyrs.

本文對這些案件進行比較，以研究丁格拉和辛格二人對殖民暴力不公正性的堅持是如何對抗大英帝國良善的主流敘事的。死刑審判為丁格拉和辛格提供了在公開場合闡述觀點的機會。這些社會戲劇的最後一幕是死刑。死刑的本意是恢復秩序，但反而帶來了將他們變成烈士的可能性。

Support for Democratic Policing Among Frontline Police Officers: The Role of Social Dominance Orientation

一線警察對民主性警務工作的支援程度：社會支配傾向的作用

Jill A Davis, Darwin A Baluran, Shahidul Hassan

Motivated by emerging research that connects officer psychological orientations to policing outcomes, we examine how Social Dominance Orientation (SDO), i.e. preference for group-based social hierarchy, is related to officer attitudes toward democratic policing practices.

新的相關研究將警官的心理傾向與警務工作的結果聯絡起來，受此啟發，本文研究了社會支配傾向（SDO），即對基於群體的社會等級制度的偏好，與警察對開展民主性警務工作的態度之間的關係。透過分析美國一個州級警察組織的調查資料，本研究發現與低SDO官員相比，高SDO的官員更願意使用武力，並且更不願意上報同伴的不當行為。高SDO官員同時不太支援程式公平的警務工作。這些發現有助於研究可能抑制警官支援民主性警務工作的因素。本研究結果對向一線警察灌輸民主價值觀的組織努力產生影響。

Analysing survey data collected from officers in a state-level police organization in the United States, we find that high SDO officers are more willing to use force and less willing to report peer misconduct than low SDO officers. High SDO officers are also less supportive of procedurally fair policing practices. These findings contribute to research on factors that may inhibit officer support for democratic policing. We discuss the implications of these results for organizational efforts to inculcate democratic values among frontline officers.

透過分析美國一個州級警察組織的調查資料，本研究發現與低SDO官員相比，高SDO的官員更願意使用武力，並且更不願意上報同伴的不當行為。高SDO官員同時不太支援程式公平的警務工作。這些發現有助於研究可能抑制警官支援民主性警務工作的因素。本研究結果對向一線警察灌輸民主價值觀的組織努力產生影響。

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Digital Ritual: Police–Public Social Media Encounters and ‘Authentic’ Interaction

數字儀式：警民的社媒相遇與“真實”互動

Alistair Henry

This article formulates the concept of digital ritual to characterize the continuum of symbolic encounters enabled by social media affordances, and to explain their solidarity-enhancing potential. Applying digital ritual to police uses of social media confirms this promise but also reveals risks of mediated authenticity.

本文提出了“數字儀式”的概念，以描述社交媒體所帶來的一系列象徵性接觸，並解釋其潛在的增強團結的能力。警察在社交媒體上適用數字儀式的行為證實了這一跡象，但也揭示了媒介真實性的風險。

The article cautions against influencer styles of engagement that risk privileging popularity over probity in ways dangerous for police legitimacy. It is argued that insights from conceptualizing online encounters as digital rituals can instead be marshalled to support an alternative ‘working personality of the digital cop’; one reflecting principles of candour and democratic policing that provide a sounder basis for establishing what ‘authentic’ online police–public interactions ought to look like.

本文提醒人們警惕“網紅”的參與方式，因為這一方式有可能將受歡迎程度置於正直性之上，從而對警察的合法性造成危害。本文認為，將線上互動視為數字儀式的這一見解可以被用來支援另一件事，即“數字警察的工作人格”。它反映了坦率和民主警務工作的原則，為建立真正“真實的”網上警民互動提供了堅實的基礎。

Legacies of Change: Probation Staff Experiences of the Unification of Services in England and Wales

變革的遺產：英格蘭和威爾士服務統一化中的緩刑工作人員經歷

Matt Tidmarsh

A discourse of professionalism has proved crucial to driving recent organizational restructurings of the probation service in England and Wales. The Coalition Government argued that bureaucratic, state provision of services had stifled probation practice—for which the introduction of market logic, via the 2014 Transforming Rehabilitation (TR) reforms, would restore professional discretion. And yet, the detrimental impact of TR on practice meant that re-professionalization was an important objective of yet more restructuring.

事實證明，職業素質對於推動英格蘭和威爾士近期的緩刑服務組織重組至關重要。聯盟政府曾認為，由國家提供服務的官僚主義阻礙了緩刑服務工作，而透過2014年的轉型改革（TR）引入市場邏輯將恢復專業自由裁量權。然而，“轉型改革”對實踐的不利影響意味著重新專業化是進一步重組的重要目標。

This paper explores probation staff experiences of organizational change, particularly since services were returned to the public sector, in June 2021, through three dominant modes of workplace organization around which change has been articulated: professionalism, the market and bureaucracy. Drawing on semi-structured interviews with 38 members of staff, it argues that the exercise of professionalism in probation has been, and continues to be, shaped by a legacy of organizational change that is both bureaucratic and dependent upon market(-like) mechanisms. It contends that the ongoing impact of a ‘discursive battle’ between market and bureaucratic forces has further eroded professionalism in probation.

本文探討了緩刑工作人員在組織變革中的經歷，尤其是自2021年6月服務迴歸公共部門以來，有關變革的三種主要工作場所組織模式：專業化、市場和官僚主義。透過對38名工作人員進行半結構式訪談，本研究認為，緩刑專業化的實踐一直並將繼續受到組織變革的影響，這種變革既是官僚主義的，又依賴於市場（類似）機制。研究認為，市場機制與官僚手段之間的“話語權爭端”造成的持續影響進一步削弱了緩刑機構的專業程度。

Understanding Perceptions of Victimization: A Critical Analysis of Gay and Bisexual Male Grindr Users Negotiations of Safety and Risk

理解受害者的感知：有關同性戀和雙性戀男性的Grindr使用者的安全和風險協商的批判性分析

Ben Colliver

The victimization of gay and bisexual men has gained significant academic and social attention, with that focus extending to the role of digital victimization. Grindr has dominated the market for online dating apps targeting gay, bisexual, trans and queer people. Drawing on qualitative data collected from men who use Grindr, this paper addresses a gap in criminological literature by exploring the way that men that have sex with men negotiate perceptions of safety when engaging in real-world meetings that have been facilitated by Grindr.

男同性戀者和雙性戀者的受害問題已經引起了學術界和社會的廣泛關注，這種關注還延伸到了數字領域的受害問題。Grindr在針對同性戀、雙性戀、變性人和酷兒的線上約會應用程式市場中佔據主導地位。本文利用從使用 Grindr 的男性那裡收集到的定性資料，探討了男男性行為者在參加由 Grindr促成的線下見面時如何在安全感方面協商，從而填補了犯罪學文獻的空白。

It is argued throughout this paper that risk-reduction strategies adopted by interviewees only reduce the perception of risk, rather than the actual risk of experiencing violent victimization. As such, it is claimed exploring digital integration offers a more nuanced reading of the intertwined and fraught relations of risk and safety within digital and physical spaces.

本文從頭至尾地論證了，受訪者採取的降低風險策略只是降低了他們對風險的感知，而並沒有降低遭受暴力侵害的實際風險。因此，本文認為，探索數字互動可以更細緻地解讀數字空間和現實空間中風險與安全之間相互交織、錯綜複雜的關係。