譯者 | 湯璦瑋 吉林大學
審稿 | LYJ NUS LL.M.
李正茂 香港大學 普通法學碩士
編輯 | 崔 雪 天津師範大學 法學本科
lzzy 美國西北大學 LL.M.
責編 | 劉一賢 國際關係學院 法學本科
American Journal of Criminal Justice Volume47, Issue 2 | 2024
《美國刑事司法雜誌》第47卷第2期
1
Victims’ Perceptions of Cyberstalking: an Examination of Perceived Offender Motivation
受害者對於網路跟蹤的看法：
對其所感知的犯罪動機的考察
Erica R. Fissel
The current study explores cyberstalking victims’ perceived offender motivation for using a sample of 576 young adults who had been repeatedly pursued online by someone they knew within the previous 12-months. Results revealed that cyberstalking victims most frequently believed that the perpetrator engaged in the repeated unwanted contacts because they were motivated by affection (47.22%), rejection (43.58%), or were obsessed with them (41.49%).
本研究以576名年輕人為樣本探討了網路跟蹤受害者所感知到的施害者的犯罪動機。在過去12個月裡，這些年輕人長期被他們認識的人多次線上跟蹤。研究結果表明，網路跟蹤受害者最常認為，施害者不厭其煩地進行惱人的聯絡是因為他們喜愛（47.22%）、曾被拒絕（43.58%）或者痴迷於（41.49%）受害者。
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Further, the study assessed whether victims’ perceived cyberstalker motivation impacted whether they felt fearful as a result of the repeated online pursuit behavior, controlling for offense seriousness and demographic characteristics. Multivariate findings revealed that when victims perceived their cyberstalker was motivated by retaliation or revenge or rejection, they were statistically significantly more likely to feel fearful as a result of the repeated online behaviors. In contrast, when victims perceived their cyberstalker was motivated by feelings of affection, they were statistically significantly less likely to feel fearful as a result of the repeated online pursuit behaviors. Implications for cyberstalking victims’ reporting and help-seeking behaviors are offered.
研究進一步評估了在控制跟蹤嚴重程度、群體特徵變數的前提下，受害者感知到的網路跟蹤者的動機是否會對他們的害怕情緒產生影響。多變數研究發現，當受害者認為加害者是因報復、復仇或是曾被拒絕而進行長期網路跟蹤時，他們對此感到害怕的可能性，在統計學意義上顯著增高。相較而言，當受害者認為施害者是因喜愛自己而進行長期網路跟蹤時，他們對此感到害怕的可能性，在統計學意義上顯著降低。本文同樣分析了此結果對網路跟蹤受害者向執法部門報告、尋求幫助行為的影響。
2
Reentering the Community after Prison: Perspectives on the Role and Importance of Social Support
出獄後重返社群：
以社會支援的作用和重要性為視角
Jean Kjellstrand, Miriam Clark, Celia Caffery, Joanna Smith & J. Mark Eddy
Individuals reentering the community after prison can face a host of complex challenges. Social support appears to be an important factor in helping recently released men and women by promoting adjustment and success in multiple areas of life. However, social support during the reentry is not well understood in terms of what types of support help individuals, who can best provide this support, how certain aspects of social support might be harmful, and pathways through which support helps individuals.
出獄後重返社群的個體將會面臨一系列複雜的挑戰。社會支援對於剛刑滿釋放的人員來說，發揮著至關重要的幫助作用。它協助出獄者順利融入生活，並在各方面取得成功。然而，什麼樣的支援可以起到幫助作用，誰來提供此類支援最合適，支援的哪些方面或許有害，支援的運作路徑如何，社會支援在這些方面並未得到充分認識。
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This qualitative study explores four common types of social support that have been identified in the research literature: emotional, instrumental, informational, and companionship. In-depth interviews with 26 adults recently released from prison found variation in the type of support received, the source of the support (primary or secondary groups), and whether the support was primarily positive, negative or harmful, or absent. Exploratory findings surfaced around seven potential pathways through which social support might help individuals who are reentering the community. Suggestions are made for the future work of practitioners and researchers during the reentry period.
本次定性研究探討了在既有文獻中得到證實的四類常見的社會幫助：情感型、工具型、資訊型、陪伴型。對26名近期出獄的成年人的深度訪談發現，社會支援在型別、來源（初級或次級群體）以及支援整體上是積極的、消極的還是有害的、缺失的等方面存在差異。研究圍繞社會支援幫助個體重返社群的七類潛在路徑展開。本文對未來在此期間工作的從業者、學界提供了建議。
3
How the Workplace Plays a Role in a Good Life: Using the Job Demands-Resources Model in Predicting Correctional Staff Life Satisfaction
工作場所如何在幸福人生中起作用：利用工作需求—資源模型預測懲教機構員工的生活滿意度
Eric G. Lamber,Nancy L. Hogan ,Robert M. Worley & Vidisha Barua Worley
Life satisfaction is a positive overall feeling towards one’s life and is an important factor for employees and their employers. There has been little research on life satisfaction of staff working at correctional institutions who play an important security role in the care, custody, and control of offenders. The current study explored how work environment variables are related to correctional staff life satisfaction using the Job Demands-Job Resources Model, which holds that job demands and job resources are two major categories of work environment variables. Job demands cause strain for employees, creating negative outcomes and reducing positive outcomes while job resources result in staff being productive and feeling good, increasing positive outcomes and lowering negative outcomes.
生活滿意度是指一個人對自己生活整體上的積極感受，這對於員工和僱主來說是重要的因素。對懲教機構的員工的生活滿意度進行分析的研究寥寥無幾。此類員工在對罪犯的照管、監護和控制中發揮重要的安保作用。本研究利用工作需求-工作資源理論，探討了工作環境是是如何影響懲教機構員工的生活滿意度。這項理論將工作環境變數劃分為工作需求和工作資源兩大類。工作需求增加了員工壓力，導向消極效果並減少積極效果，而工作資源使員工辦事高效且感覺良好，增加積極效果並減少消極效果。
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The current study focused on the specific job demands of perceiving the job as dangerous, role conflict, role ambiguity, and role overload, and the job resources of instrumental communication, job autonomy, job variety, and quality of training. The data was collected from 160 completed questionnaires from all available full-time staff (N = 200) at a prison in the midwestern part of the United States. Using multivariate regression analysis, it was found that role ambiguity and role overload had negative effects on life satisfaction, and job variety and quality training had positive effects. While the effects of job demand and job resource variables differed depending on the aspect of the work environment being examined, the results overall supported the Job Demands-Job Resources Model in explaining life satisfaction.
本研究聚焦於具體的工作需求如風險認知、角色衝突、角色模糊和角色負荷，具體的工作資源如工具型溝通、工作自主權、工作多樣性和培訓質量。資料來源於由美國中西部監獄所有能參與的全職工作人員（N=200）完成填寫的160份問卷。利用多元迴歸分析，研究發現角色模糊、角色負荷對於生活滿意度有負面影響，工作多樣性、培訓質量則具有積極影響。雖然工作需求和工作資源的具體變數因考察的工作環境而有所不同，但整體結果證實了工作需求-工作資源模型對生活滿意度的闡釋。
4
The Impacts of Body-Worn Cameras: An Examination of Police Specialty Unit Perceptions through Diffusion of Innovations
隨身攝影機的影響：
創新擴散視角下對警方特別部門看法的考察
Gabrielle C.wy Z, Janne E. Gaub & Marthinus C. Koen
The present study analyzed data from 39 semi-structured interviews with specialized unit officers from one mid- and one small-sized police department in the United States. The data indicates that specialty unit officers perceived body-worn cameras in terms of the costs and consequences of the technology, which aligns with the diffusion of innovations paradigm. These officers had differential views of the costs of BWCs and the capabilities and uses of BWCs compared to patrol officers.
本研究分析了面向美國兩個中小型警察局特別部門警員的39次半結構訪談。資料顯示，與創新擴散的正規化相契合，特別部門的警員在技術成本、收益方面對隨身攝像機（BWCs）發表了看法。相較於巡警，特別部門警員對於隨身攝像機的成本、用途有著不同的觀點。
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These findings urge further investigation into the costs and consequences of body-worn cameras on specialty units, as well as an exploration into the impact of the technology’s technical capabilities. If there are key differences between specialty units and patrol officers in perceptions of the cameras, policy regarding the technology may be best if it can address these differences in order to maximize the benefits of the technology.
研究結果推動了對警方特別部門關於隨身攝像機的成本與結果的認知的進一步調查，對隨身攝像機技術能力的影響的更深探討。為使技術效益最大化，當特別部門警員和巡警對於攝像機的看法存在關鍵差異時，相關技術政策最好解決這些差異。
5
Attitudes Towards Police and Weapon Carriage Among Adolescents
青少年群體對警察的態度和武器攜帶率
Mary C. Cunningham, Jennifer E. Cobbina, Chris Melde Z, Daniel Abad, Matthew Almanza, JasonE.
While much is known about attitudes towards police and weapon carriage independently, it is unclear whether the two are associated. In the current study, we explored this potential association and whether it was moderated by race in a sample of adolescents. After adjusting for age, gender, perceived risk of victimization, and violence victimization, logistic regression models indicated that more positive attitudes toward police were associated with lower weapon carriage. In particular, among Black youth, the association between attitudes toward police and weapon carriage was larger than non-Black youth. Our results suggest that race plays an important role in this association. Efforts to build positive community-police relationships may be an effective strategy for reducing weapon carriage and ultimately, injury and fatality.
雖然人們對面向警察的態度和武器攜帶這兩個話題都已瞭解較深，但二者間的關聯尚不清楚。本研究以青少年為樣本探討了二者的潛在聯絡以及種族差異在其中的影響。在控制了年齡、性別、受害風險感知和暴力侵害等變數後，邏輯迴歸模型顯示，對警察的態度越積極，武器攜帶率越低。具體而言，在黑人青年中，對警察的態度與武器攜帶率間的聯絡要比非黑人青年群體強。結果表明，種族差異在二者聯絡中影響很大。降低武器攜帶率的有效方法是努力構建積極的社群-警察關係，最終死傷率也會隨之降低。
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6
How Interrogation Length, Age, and Crime Impact Perceptions of Evidence in Criminal Trials
審訊時長、年齡以及罪行如何影響刑事審判中對證據的認知
Jeremy J. Shifton
A juror’s perception of the strength of the evidence presented during a criminal trial is the most important factor in determining the resulting verdict, yet little is known about how dispositional and situational factors impact these perceptions. This study seeks to determine the impact of interrogation length, defendant age, and alleged crime on jurors’ perceptions of evidence strength. Prior research has found that each of these individual factors can impact the perceived strength of the evidence, yet little is known about how these factors will influence the resulting verdict.
陪審員對於在刑事審判中所展示的證據證明力的看法是決定裁判結果的最重要因素。然而性格因素與情境因素究竟如何影響陪審員的判斷，人們對此知之甚少。本文力求尋找審訊時長、被告年齡和所犯罪行對陪審員關於證據證明力認知的影響。既有研究發現，上述每項因素都會對證據證明力的確信產生影響，然而鮮有文章對這些因素究竟如何影響裁決結果進行研究。
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Using an experimental survey model, the current study surveys over 500 online mock-jurors. Results indicated the length of the interrogation significantly influenced mock jurors’ opinions on evidence strength as well as their resulting verdict in a fictional case. Additionally, confessions offered by younger defendants may be viewed as less strong by respondents regardless of how long the interrogation lasted, and respondents were more likely to convict the defendant for the less serious of two crimes. Implications of these findings and future research directions are discussed.
本研究運用實驗調查法調查了超過500個線上模擬陪審員。結果顯示，審訊時長顯著影響了模擬陪審員對於證據證明力的看法以及對虛擬案件的裁判結果。除此之外，無論審訊時間多長，陪審員都可能認為年輕被告的供述可信度更低，並更傾向於判定被告犯有兩種罪行中更輕的一罪。本文探討了這些研究的啟示以及未來研究方向。
7
“Stuck in their Ways”: Examining Parole Officers’ Perceptions on Guiding Older Offenders through the Reentry Process
“固執己見”：假釋官對引導年長罪犯重返社會的看法探析
Mary H. Hughes & Tusty ten Bensel Tusty ten Bensel
Parole officers serve a critical role for inmates who are reentering society by monitoring the transitional and rehabilitation process post incarceration. Recently, there has been increased concern among correctional professionals in regard to addressing economic and management barriers of aging inmates. Elderly offenders require unique resources with regard to their health and housing and parole officers represent the initial contact for this population when providing the assistance; however, little is known about the role parole officers play in the reintegration process for older inmates.
假釋官在罪犯從監禁到重返社會的過渡和康復過程中具有關鍵作用。近年來，懲教機構的工作人員逐漸意識到，年長罪犯在重返社會時面臨獨特的經濟和管理難題。這些罪犯在健康管理和住房安置方面有特殊需求，假釋官因而成為他們獲取支援資源的最初聯絡人。然而，假釋官在年長罪犯再融入社會過程中所起的作用，人們對此知之甚少。
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Therefore, the current study examined the perceptions of 19 parole officers who work with older parolees in a southern state. Through semi-structured, qualitative interviews, we explored parole officers’ primary role in the reintegration process to gain better understanding of demographics, management, and established goals when assisting older parolees.
為此，本研究聚焦於美國南部某州的19位假釋官，透過半結構化的定性訪談，探討假釋官在協助年長假釋者重返社會中的核心作用。研究從人口統計、管理方式和目標設定等方面展開分析，期望更清晰地理解假釋官在年長假釋者重返社會過程中的支援作用。
8
Linking Fear of Violent Crime for Oneself and Loved Ones to Satisfaction with Local Area Characteristics
對自己及至親遭受暴力犯罪的恐懼與本地區域特徵滿意度關係之研究
Sarah A. Steele, Julie D. Garman, Sara N. Toto, David J. Drozd & Lisa L. Sample
Given the theoretical link between fear of crime and broader quality of life indicators, fear of violent crime is examined within the context of residents’ satisfaction with characteristics of their local area. Fear of violent crime is assessed in terms of worry for personal violent victimization as well as worry for the violent victimization of loved ones. We measure satisfaction with nine local area characteristics: utilities, transit, employment, first responders, shopping, housing, leisure, education, and amenities for special populations. Findings from analyses suggest that those who are less satisfied with first responders or leisure activities are more concerned with personal violent victimization. Those who report being less satisfied with housing or leisure activities are more concerned for the victimization of loved ones. The implications of these findings are discussed.
鑑於對犯罪的恐懼與更廣泛的生活質量指標之間存在理論聯絡，本研究在居民對本地區特徵滿意度的背景下，探討了對暴力犯罪的恐懼。對暴力犯罪的恐懼是從對個人暴力受害以及對親人暴力受害的擔憂來作評估。研究衡量了居民對九項社群特徵的滿意度：公共設施、交通條件、就業機會、急救服務、購物便利性、住房狀況、休閒娛樂、教育資源和特殊人群服務設施。分析結果顯示，對急救服務或休閒娛樂設施滿意度較低的受訪者，往往更擔憂自己遭遇暴力犯罪；對住房狀況或休閒娛樂設施滿意度較低的受訪者，則更傾向於擔憂親友可能遭受暴力犯罪。本文探討了這些研究的啟示。
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9
Substance Use On Campus: Exploring the Implications of Paranormal Beliefs
校園藥物濫用中的超自然信仰影響機制探析
Amanda Heitkamp, Thomas J. Mowen, John H. Boman
Concern over substance use, including alcohol, marijuana, and amphetamines, among college students remains high. Substance use on campus is associated with a seemingly endless list of negative outcomes including decreased academic performance, inhibited cognitive functions, physical and sexual violence, and even death. Cast against a backdrop of increasing substance use rates over the past few decades, we argue that criminologists must turn towards examining novel—and perhaps unexpected—correlates of substance use to better address this issue. In light of this, the current study draws from labeling theory to explore the linkage between paranormal beliefs, stigma, and substance use among college students. Specifically, we examine how both internalized negative messages about paranormal beliefs and perceived external stigma about paranormal beliefs relate to substance use among college students.
大學生群體中，酒精、大麻和安非他明等藥物濫用問題依然嚴峻，且與學業下滑、認知受損、身體和性暴力、甚至死亡等嚴重後果緊密相關。近年來藥物使用率的不斷上升，我們認為犯罪學家必須轉向研究藥物使用的新興相關因素（也許出乎意料），以期為有效干預策略提供理論依據。鑑於此，本研究基於標籤理論，探討超自然信仰、汙名化與大學生藥物濫用之間的關係。具體而言，研究考察了超自然信仰的內化負面標籤及外部感知負面汙名對大學生藥物濫用行為的影響機制。
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Analysis of an original dataset from a midsized university revealed that respondents who internalized a negative label about their paranormal beliefs reported elevated levels of substance use relative to those who did not internalize negative paranormal labels. Second, individuals who reported believing society assigns a negative stigma to paranormal beliefs reported lower levels of substance use. Finally, considering the importance of both internal and external stigma, examination of an interaction between these two constructs indicated that greater levels of external social stigma conditioned a negative relationship between label internalization and substance use. We examine the implications of these findings for substance use among college students.
透過對某中等規模大學的資料進行分析，結果顯示，內化了超自然信仰負面標籤的受訪者，其藥物濫用水平顯著高於未內化該標籤者；而認為社會對超自然信仰持負面汙名的受訪者，其藥物濫用水平則較低。此外，分析內外部汙名的相互作用後發現，外部社會汙名在一定程度上減弱了內化標籤對藥物濫用行為的影響。本文進一步探討了這些發現對干預大學生藥物濫用的啟示。
判例原文連結：
https://link.springer.com/journal/12103/volumes-and-issues/47-2